Marketing Research on Micro Beer Inc Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing on Micro Beer Inc - Research Paper Example A research problem is frequently regarded as the nucleus of any study report. A research process is practically impossible to carry out without any proper definition about the problem of the research. The process of identifying a research problem starts with the proper recognition of the objective of the study. After the research problem has been identified, the next step is to translate it into a research hypothesis. Thus a research hypothesis is defined as the logical guess that provides a possible outcome of the study. A research problem is also considered as the most important as well as the foundation stage for any research study. In other words it acts as the basis of the study i.e. based on which the study is conducted. Now in the context of the project the problem which has been highlighted in the case is to determine whether the company Micro Beer can actually capitalize on the opportunity of importing and distributing the fine Belgian beer in the market of Naples, where the product is not sold. Hence the primary requirement which has been assessed according to the project is to portray the demand of Belgian beers in the adjacent areas of Naples.

Socrates said,The unexamined life is not worth living What did he mean Essay

Socrates said,The unexamined life is not worth living What did he mean - Essay Example 2). In Billy Eliot, the main character, Billy seems to live an unexamined life in terms of manifesting ambivalence in pursuing his dream. With his father restricting him to become a ballet dancer, his life exemplifies that led by Socrates: being prevented from exploring and maximizing his potentials to make it worth living. Again, from the film, one character that definitely examined her life and regarded it then as worth living was Mrs. Wilkinson, the ballet teacher. Her character was determined and strong as she knew that teaching ballet was the career for her. Likewise, she recognized the predicament that Billy was in and was therefore determined to give her support to make Billy realize the need to examine his life in terms of pursuing what he really wants and not what his father wants for him. Works Cited Mathoda.com. Philosophers are wrong to state the unexamined life is not worth living. 27 April 2008. Web. 30 June 2011 .

Multipath Fading Channels And Transmitted Signals Computer Science Essay

Multipath Fading Channels And Transmitted Signals Computer Science Essay Multipath fading is a phenomenon of fading of transmitted signals due to refraction, reflection and diffraction from objects or obstacles present in the line or way of transmission. In this article, we have be realized an example of multipath fading channels such as in case of Rayleigh fading channels using MATLAB and would be analysing the variations incurred after varying system parameters such as samples per second and Doppler shift of the respective blocks of the Rayleigh fading system. Also, here screen shots of the respective variations have been provided for clear understanding of induced variations. 1. Introduction As mentioned earlier as well, multipath fading is the occurrence of fading of transmitted signals by refraction, reflection and diffraction due to obstacles present in the line or path of transmission and channels affected due to this type of fading are called multipath fading channels. Rayleigh fading is nothing but the statistical model that communication engineers use to study the characteristics propagation of radio signals, in case of wireless propagation channels. In general, Rayleigh fading model is used for studying ionospheric and tropospheric signals propagation and such that the signals are transmitted in a widespread manner i.e. they are transmitted in form of concentric rings throughout the atmosphere. Thus, these are not used to study the fading that occurs in line of sight propagation (for that Rician is preferred over it). The Rayleigh fading channel can be used to study fading characteristics such as in cases of densely populated cities with a large number of skyscrapers (such as Central London and NYC). The central limit theorem limits this concept such that the amount of scatter can be considered as a function of irrespective of individual function of Gaussian distribution. The impulse response can be modelled a random function varying from 0 to 2pie [1]. The probability distribution function R(of Rayleigh fading) can be given as; Where, ÃŽÂ © =  E(R2). [1] As mentioned in abstract that we would be varying the Doppler shift in case of Rayleigh fading and will be explaining the observed variations in the generated output, its better to have an understanding of what Doppler shift actually means as well for better understanding of concepts. Doppler effect (or Doppler shift) can be described as the increase or decrease in Doppler frequency in case of a moving object (for e.g. the Doppler frequency increases when the object is moving towards the stationary or moving object and vice versa for moving away from the desired moving or stationary object). The mathematical expression for Doppler frequency can be given as; f = left( frac{v + v_r}{v + v_{s}} right) f_0 , Where Vr is the velocity of receiver relative to the medium and Vs is the velocity of source relative to the medium and V is the velocity of waves in the medium [2]. Also, Doppler power spectral density which is also an important parameter of Rayleigh fading is the measure of spectral broadening caused in the waveform characteristics of the transmitted signal (such that the received signals appears to be faded and broadened as compared to the actual signal sent). The mathematical expression for Doppler power spectral density can be shown as [3]; S(nu) = frac{1}{pi f_d sqrt{1 left(frac{nu}{f_d}right)^2}} Realization of Rayleigh fading using MATLAB A sample program of Rayleigh fading can be accessed in MATLAB 2010a by typing the command doc_qpsk_rayleigh_derotated in the command window. The MATLAB operator gives us a block diagram of the Rayleigh fading. It consists of a Bernoulli binary sequence generator, two QPSKs, one error rate calculator, one Rayleigh fading block (where adjustments regarding Doppler shift can be made), one phase removal of path gain block and in the end an AWGN block for simulation of faded signal (4). The screenshot of block diagram for Rayleigh fading had been shown below; Figure 1. MATLAB screenshot of the block diagram for simulating the Rayleigh fading 2.1 Simulation with basic values of Doppler shift and sample rate The simulation results into three possible outputs. These are transmitter output, Rayleigh channel output with no phase component and Rayleigh noisy channel output with no phase component. These outputs for sample simulation with bit sample rate/sec of 100logbase2 (M) and maximum Doppler shift of 1000 hertz is shown below. The screenshots of respective output of QPSK modulator output, Rayleigh channel output and noisy Rayleigh channel output has been shown below; Figure 2.screenshot of MATLAB simulated QPSK modulator output for Rayleigh fading Figure 3.screenshot of Rayleigh channel output for Rayleigh fading (simulated using MATLAB) Figure 4.screenshot of the noisy Rayleigh channel output for Rayleigh fading (simulated using MATLAB) 2.2. Simulation with changed values of Doppler shift and sample rate In the second simulation i have changed the values in Doppler shift and sample rate per second. The Doppler shift can be changed by changing masking parameters in the Rayleigh fading channel. Here, in this simulation I have kept the Doppler shift to 10000Hz while in previous case it was 1000Hz. Also, in Bernoulli bit sequence generator the value of samples per second had been changed to 1000logbase2 (M). The observed variations have been shown below. Figure 5. QPSK modulator output of the Rayleigh fading (simulated using MATLAB) Figure 6. Rayleigh channel output for the Rayleigh fading (simulated using MATLAB). Figure 7. Noisy Rayleigh channel output for Rayleigh fading (simulation using MATLAB) 2.3. Explanation of the observed variations It can be seen that in first case the outputs (amplitude) of QPSK modulator lies in the range of -1 to 0 and 0 to +1 while it varies from -2 to 0 and 0 to +2 which obviously should be observable as the samples per second gets increased from 1000 to 10000 samples per second. However, as the Doppler shift is increased the fading becomes more visible in case of the Rayleigh fading and noisy Rayleigh fading channels. The explanation can be given using Jakes model which relates the Doppler shift and Rayleigh fading. Jakes model relates the Rayleigh fading for kth wave to Doppler shift in following manner; R(t,k) = 2sqrt{2}left[sum_{n=1}^{M}left(cos{beta_n} + jsin{beta_n}right)cos{left(2 pi f_n t + theta_{n,k}right)} + frac{1}{sqrt{2}}left(cos{alpha} + jsin{alpha}right)cos{2 pi f_d t}right] Also, fn=fd(cosa) [5] Hence, it can be said that the amount of Rayleigh fading is directly proportional to the cosine of Doppler shift experienced by the transmitted wave. Also, worth mentioning over here is that is cosine decreases from 0 to increasing values of angle. It can be also seen that from expression mentioned above for power spectral density for Doppler shift that if the Doppler shift is increased the corresponding power spectral density is also increased. Thus, the results shown in the screenshots are explained and justified and it can be said that with the increase of Doppler shift the transmitted waves the Rayleigh fading is increased and so is the power spectral density related to it. Conclusion Rayleigh fading is an important phenomenon used to explain multipath fading in case of the dense populated areas. Rayleigh fading affects a transmitted signal by making broadened and faded in nature and it also does effects its power spectral density in a big way. Also, with increase in Doppler shift the Rayleigh is increased as well. In this setup, channel distortion parameters such as gain and phase are defined as a complex number consisting of real and imaginary parts. Thus, Rayleigh fading can be said to be composed of two paths (real and imaginary) and can be considered as independent paths which can be added in order to get net magnitude of Rayleigh fading occurred in the transmission [6]. To counter the effects of Rayleigh fading a number of techniques were used in the past but the most common one used these days is using a White Gaussian simulator for maintaining bearable effects of Rayleigh fading. This had been shown in the block diagram shown above. References Proakis John. G (1995).  Digital Communications  (3rd Ed.). Singapore: McGraw-Hill Book Co. pp.  767-768.  ISBN  0-07-113814-5 Rosen, Joe; Gothard, Quinn Lisa (2009). Encyclopedia of Physical Science. Infobase Publishing. p. 155. ISBN 0-816-07011-3., available on page 155 Clarke.H.R. (July-August 1968). A Statistical Theory of Mobile Radio Reception. Bell Systems Technical Journal, page number 957-1000 Arsal. A, Ozen. S(2008), A Rayleigh fading  ¬Ã‚ lter design for multipath Rayleigh fading simulation and comparisons to other simulators Jakes. C. Williams, Editor (February 1, 1975). Microwave Mobile Communications. New York: John Wiley Sons Inc. ISBN 0-471-43720-4. Proakis John. G (1995).  Digital Communications  (3rd Ed.). Singapore: McGraw-Hill Book Co. pp.  767-768.  ISBN  0-07-113814-5 Spread Spectrum Models Abstract Spread spectrum is a statistical modulation technique that is been used for increasing the available channel bandwidth. In this article we have focussed on the one the spread spectrum models i.e. two users real spreading with BPSK modulation using MATLAB. Also, a brief study of variations and the explanation of such observations are made in this article. Here, Ill be varying the SNR value of the AWGN block in the given block diagram for the spread spectrum model and would be observing and explaining the variations occurred. 1. Introduction Spread spectrum modulation is a type of modulation in which we intentionally increase the available bandwidth in frequency domain i.e. we stretch the available bandwidth. This leads to a broadened or widened signal for with increased bandwidth. This is generally done to increase bandwidth for signals that require more bandwidth for transmission (it has an effect similar to aliasing but the difference we take anti-aliasing measures against the later). The system models that use such spread spectrum techniques are called spread spectrum models. Two user model for real spreading with BPSK modulation basically utilizes two different orthogonal codes for spreading of the codes. The process of spreading is independent in nature i.e. a different pn sequence for each of the two users. This model uses the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing access technology (OFDM) for communication between the two users simultaneously. In this scheme, there are a large number of orthogonal sub carriers separated by a very small distance. The data is then divided into small but same sized chunks and then are loaded (modulated) on these orthogonal sub carriers through multiple paths [1]. The subcarriers then can use any of the conventional technologies for modulating these data packets (such as QAM or PSK) for transmission over the channel. Also, the symbol rates for individual data packets are maintained such that those comparable to its conventional counterparts. However, OFDM is more popular with wireless systems. 2.1. Realization of spread spectrum model using MATLAB Two user orthogonal real fading with BPSK can be realized in MATALAB by typing commspreading_orthobpsk2u in the MATLAB command video. The result shown on the MATLAB simulation window is a block diagram of two user real spreading with BPSK. The screenshot of this has been shown below; Figure 1- Two-user orthogonal real spreading with BPSK modulation (simulated in MATLAB) As shown in the block diagram here the system setup can be broadly classified into three sections. These are transmitter section, the channel and then receiver section. Receiver section is further extended into one more section known as error calculation section. Let us have a brief look into each of the sections mentioned above. 2.1.1 Transmitter section The transmitter section is responsible for transmitting signals to receiver section via channel section of the system setup. Transmitter section is basically made up 5 major components, these are Random integer (signal generator), real BPSK modulator, Hadamard code generator, normalized gain and spreader blocks. Random integer block is used for the generation of signals that could be used for sending over the channel. These signals are then BPSK modulated where it is also mixed with the actual user signals and sent to spreader section. The sequence generated is of 64 bits length. Then on the lower side of the transmitter contains Hadamard code generator which generates unique Hadamard codes for the signals encryption and security to protect it from hacking and noise addition over the channel. The gain of the Hadamard code is then normalized and mixed with the BPSK modulated signal in the spreader section. The spreader is responsible for the deliberate spreading of signals in the frequency domain to increase the bandwidth of transmitted signal. 2.1.2. Channel section Channel section here refers to actual channel or medium through which transmission is done. But here its not wireless as it is an experimental setup. This section here contains AWGN correction blocks. These are responsible for deciding SNR values for the transmitted signals as to gain knowledge about the actual signal transmission through wireless medium. Here, a person can set values of SNR such that to determine the low and high noise environment and the results of these variations of the error rate at receiver section. 2.1.3. Receiver section The receiver section is responsible for the reception, decryption, de-spreading and calculation of error rate in the received signals after travelling through the physical medium. The process carried out here is just opposite as of transmitter section of the setup. The received signal is first sent to de-spreader for removing the spreading done in transmitter section. The integrator and dump section is used to detect or separate out RZ and NRZ parts of bit sequence [3]. Then the sequence is sent to demodulating BPSK section and then to error rate determination section for error rate estimation. 2.2. Effects of Variations in SNR on the Error rate The effects of variations of SNR on the error rate have been summarized below. The table below shows the variations in values of SNR and the corresponding changes in error rate i.e. eRx/Rx (number of erroneous bits transferred /total bits received [2]) with de-spreading. Also, worth mentioning here is that the time period for which the simulation is carried by the system is set to 0.125 seconds in this sample spread spectrum modulation. The table is as under; Figure 2. Table above depicts the effect of variation of SNR on the error rate of the system setup explained above (all values are realized in MATLAB and written down in the table) The table above shows that with increasing values of signal to noise ratio the value of bit error rate is reduced. But it is different in first two readings for receiver1 and receiver2 while it ends out to be zero for SNR value 100 dB for all of the values simulated in a time defined range of 0.125 seconds. This pretty understandable that the dispreading used is here is of ideal nature thus the value of erroneous bits goes down as value of SNR increases. The difference in the error rates between the first two readings of receiver1 and receiver2 is pretty understandable as the two different signals have different error rates when they are transmitted through two different Hadamard codes (i.e. initial seed for first receiver was set to 37 and for second it was set 631). 3. Conclusion Two user orthogonal real fading with BPSK modulation is used as an experimental to study the characteristics of spread spectrum. The OFDMA as we know splits the large data into small equally sized fragments and transmits it through multiple paths thus is also affected by multipath fading. This particularly affects wireless channels even makes is even more difficult to maintain SNR and low error rates. To counter the effects AWGN simulator is used such that the effects of multipath fading are neutralized. The observations made with this system setup prove that value of SNR affects the error rate percentage in the transmission. As the value of SNR is increased the value of error rate goes down and vice versa for a lower value of SNR. References 1. Robertson. P; Kaiser .S; The effects of Doppler spreads in OFDM(A) mobile radio systems, Vehicular Technology Conference, 1999. VTC 1999 Fall. IEEE VTS 2. Shah .Gaurav ; Molina. Andres ; Blaze. Matt (2006); Keyboards and Covert Channels 3. Sadr, R.; Hurd, W. J.; The Telecommunications and Data Acquisition Report, page 158-173 (ISBN N88-12679 04-32) 4. Aurthur. Ross (1997); CA Patent 2228131; data available on http://www.mathworks.com/products/commblockset/demos.html?file=/products/demos/shipping/commblks/commspreading_m.html#1 5. MATLAB code available at http://www.mathworks.com/products/commblockset/demos.html?file=/products/demos/shipping/commblks/commspreading_m.html#1 IEEE 802.11 WLAN Abstract IEEE 802.11 is the standard adopted by IEEE for design of wireless network systems. Here, in this article a sample simulation of 802.11 standard is done using MATLAB and Simulink. Also, a brief description of operation and functional characteristics of blocks (i.e. components) used for attaining and maintaining wireless networks have been made. Also, certain parameters of WLAN system setup are varied to make a brief study of changes that incur in the system due to these variations. 1. Introduction Secure, dependable and fast wireless systems have become a need of current growing world that touches everyone ranging from individuals to large organizations. Wireless networks are needed for small private area networks such as Bluetooth and Ad Hoc and large networks for wider network coverage such as 3G and 4G networks are currently being employed for providing internet and communication services to people with mobility. The WLAN 802.11 standard is used for wireless communication networks in 2.4, 3.6 and 5 GHz frequency bands [1]. There is a complete family of 802.11 which uses a number of over the air modulation techniques for transmission and reception of signals. There a number of versions launched by IEEE under the name of 802.11, this includes 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g and 802.11n. The most frequently employed among these are 802.11b and 802.11g. The data to be transmitted is first broken in small and equally sized packets and then modulated and transmitted on multiple channels (through different paths) to the destination. Thus, it uses OFDMA access for setting up communication. 802.11 standard has a complete frame stack for secure and dependable communication. These include certain frames for controlling and maintaining the wireless connection among wirelessly connected hosts. These are Protocol version, Type, Sub type, ToDS and FromDS, More fragment, Retry, Power management, More data and WEP [2]. All these play important part in setting, maintaining, controlling and releasing the wireless connection among a number of wirelessly connected hosts on 802.11 system. Below is shown a sample example of how 802.11 WLAN standard system looks like. Figure 1. The Linksys WRT54G contains an 802.11b/g radio with two antennas [3]. 2.1. Realization of IEEE 802.11 WLAN standard in MATLAB A sample MATLAB program for IEEE 802.11 WLAN can be realized in MATLAB by typing the same in help command box of the MATLAB. The output shows an experimental setup containing block diagram of the IEEE 802.11 WLAN system. This has been shown below. Figure 2- The screenshot above shows the block diagram of the sample IEEE 802.11 WLAN standard simulated in MATLAB The block diagram broadly contains variable-rate data source, BPSK modulator and demodulator, OFDM symbol generation block and disassemble OFDM frame block, multipath channel and a packet error calculation block. Also, the signal visualization block for opening the signal characteristics of such setup. These signals characteristics are shown below. Figure 3-The signals transmission and receiver characteristics of the 802.11 system setup using sample settings (simulated in MATLAB) 2.2. Operations and working of the Block diagram The signal characteristics can be visualized in the above screenshot. The transmitted data consists of a binary stream of data send with OFDMA modulation. In this model shown above the variable rate data source is used to generate a binary string of variable data rates which could be considered as similar to the real life scenario as data rates vary with time and need of the users. This binary string is then BPSK modulated using BPSK modulator which is the case with OFDMA as it uses any other general modulation technique for the modulation of signals and then OFDMA codes are added to it. The signals are now undergo a number of alterations before reaching the multipath channels. These include adding a cyclic code to the signals and going through IFFT which is inverse fast Fourier transform to the signal. The signals are then sent through multiple paths which is the case with the OFDMA. This completes transmitter section. After all these processes the signal enters the receiver section of the WLAN. The signals go through cyclic code removal block and then FFT or fast Fourier transform block to anti the effects of IFFT. Then signals are equalised in frequency domain as these get disturbed in frequency domain as shown in the figure 2 signal equalization. The disassemble OFDM block takes off the OFDM codes from the signals and then the signals is demodulated using a BPSK demodulator after which the signal output is sent to the error collection block where the original and received signals are compared to get error rate in the transmission. Also, one more output wire goes to adaptive modulation control block where the degree of modulation is controlled according to the bit error rate achieved by the system. Also, the value of SNR is varied according to the values entered in the stack. This also changes the adaptive modulation control. 2.3. Effects of variations in certain parameters of IEEE 802.11 WLAN setup The effects of inducing variations in certain parameters such as SNR or hysteresis are visible in the transmission characteristics of the block diagram shown below. These values are achieved after changing the value of hysteresis value for adaptive modulation to 10dB from 3dB and lower SNR threshold values to [10 11 14 18 22 24 26 32] decibels from earlier value of [10 11 14 18 24 26] decibels. It can be seen from the two figures 3 and 4 that the unequalized signal spreads out more. Also, the per i.e. packet error rate is increased from 6% to 12%. This due to increased hysteresis for adaptive modulation control. Conclusion The IEEE 802.11 standard for wireless LAN is used as a standard for setting up the wireless network for communication of multiple numbers of hosts. Also, in this sample simulation we concluded that with varying values of SNR and hysteresis the BER and PER also changes. Thus, it can be also concluded that data rates and packet loss rates are also variable at variable places in the parts of networks. This due to different distances, landscapes and congestion is different for different areas as the signal transmission follows multiple paths for transmission and every single path has a different type of obstacles available. Also, the system is greatly affected by noise present in free space. The reception quality always decreases with increase in distance between the service provider and host.

Essay on Setting in Poes The Masque (Mask) of the Red Death :: Mask Masque Red Death Essays

Use of Setting in The Masque of the Red Death  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "...In the black chamber the effect of the fire-light that streamed upon the black hangings through the blood-tinted panes was ghastly in the extreme, and produced so wild a look upon the countenances of those who entered, that there were few of the company bold enough to set foot within its precincts at all" (210). This quote serves to demonstrates Edgar Allan Poe's descriptive abilities. In "The Masque of the Red Death" Poe gives much detail about the setting. Poe uses detail about the setting to make the story believable, to add irony to the story, and to create an atmosphere appropriate for the appearance of the "Red Death."    In retrospect, "The Masque of the Red Death" is not a vary believable story. However, Poe's description of the setting presents the reader with such a realistic image of the scene that the reader cannot help but believe the story when first it is first read. The reader is manipulated by the author into believing that the story could actually be true. Poe accomplishes this manipulation by describing the setting in great detail. Seemingly half of the story is setting, rather than actual action. Poe begins with description of the 'Red Death,' proceeds to describe the 'castellated abbey,' and finally the 'imperial suit.' By paying such close attention to detail, the author has created a believable image in the mind of the reader. The creation of such believable aspects of the story is important. Within this believable image, the unbelievable arrival of the masked figure (the "Red Death") gains credibility. Without such believable aspects, the arrival of such a presence would not be credible.    Poe uses setting to create irony in the story. The description of the castellated abbey includes the facts that, "a strong and lofty wall girdled it," and that the gates had been welded shut (209). Both the high wall and the welded gates were intended to keep the Red Death out of the castle, when, ironically, they actually trapped it inside. Poe leaves clues to the reader that this may occur. He includes the statement that the welded gates prevent "egress" as well as "ingress." Furthermore, a girdle is typically used to hold something in, rather than keep something out.

French Rev

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION PAST YEAR ESSAY QUESTIONS No. | PAPER| ESSAY QUESTION| 1| O/N 2001| Why did Louis XVI fail to satisfy the demands of the revolutionaries in France during the period 1789-1793? | 2| M/J 2002| Why did the French revolution become increasingly radical during the years 1789-94? | 3| O/N 2003| Which of the grievances of the Third Estate in France in 1789 were the most important? Explain your answer. | 4| O/N 2004| How far and why did the aims of revolutionaries in France change during the period from 1789 to 1793? 5| O/N 2005| Why during the period 1789 to 1793 did Louis XVI fail to satisfy the demands of the French revolutionaries? | 6| M/J 2006| From 1789 to 1799, who posed the more dangerous threats to the French Revolution: its internal or its external enemies? | 7| M/J 2007| Why did Louis XVI’s policies from 1789 fail to prevent his execution in 1793? | 8| O/N 2008| Why did the French ancien regime collapse in 1789? | 9| 0/N 2009/(11)| ‘The economic difficulties of France in 1789 were more serious than the political problems. How far do you agree with this judgement? | 10| O/N 2009/(12)| How far, and why, did the aims of the revolutionaries in France change during the period from 1789 to the execution of Louis XVI in 1793? | 11| M/J 2010/ (13)| ‘The most important problem of the French ancient regime was poor quality leadership. ’ How far do you agree with this judgement? | 12| O/N 2010/ (11)| Why did the rulers of France from 1789 to 1799 fail to hold on power? 13| O/N 2010/ (13)| Why did the summoning of the Estate-General in 1789 not solve the problems of the ancient regime? | 14| M/J 2011/(11)| Why was Louis XVI executed in 1793? | 15| M/J 2011/ (13)| Did Robespierre and the Jacobins do more to save or to endanger the French Revolution? | 16| O/N 2011/ (12)| Explain the rise and fall of the Jacobins in France during the period from 1789 to 1794. | 17| O/N 2011/ (13)| Why were the attempts to reform the ancient regime in France up to 1789 unsuccessful? |

Education-Benchmark Assessment Essay

Several theories explain the concept of Early Childhood Education (ECE). Deiner (2013) describes that all of them share the same opinion that an early childhood educator is extremely essential in the development of a child’s intellectual and educational abilities. It is also commonly agreeable among the theories that the early childhood education can have a great impact in the life of an individual since education is progressive, and each stage leads to a higher one. However, there are some contradictions in the theories, which regard to some aspects of ECE. For instance, some studies feel that the intellectual development depends on the genes of the child as acquired from the parents. Other studies hold a different opinion, that the environment plays a great role in ECE. Some assert that both the environment and the biological play a great role in early childhood development. This study is based on the fact that the educator is part of the environment in which the child is subjected to, and all children can learn. The educator has several roles that make them have a great impact on a child. An early childhood educator has the responsibility to ensure that a child gains as much knowledge as possible depending on the level of the child, where the level is to a large extent determined by the age of the child. A child spends most of the waking time with the educator. There are differences presented by the various personalities of children. As a result, each child should be treated differently from the other by the educator. As a result, the educator needs to have sufficient knowledge on how to  understand each child, so that each child gains maximally. The educator defines the environment in which a child lives in school. It is agreeable that children have some common interests. For instance, most studies point out that using objects in educating children in grade three or lower can have on enhancing their knowledge by having them relate to things they frequently use. This means that the environment needs to have various objects and pictorial presentations for more effective learning. There are other considerations that the educator needs to be aware of, such as ensuring that the relationship among students themselves and between the educator and children is supportive to the education to be acquired. An early childhood educator deals with children who might not be much exposed, and they are open to what they are learn. It is clear from this essential role of educators that they should be having some personal characteristics. Grotewell & Burton (2008) explains that one of them is that the educator should be role model to the children. In addition, the educator should maintain a healthy lifestyle since children are much vulnerable to communicable illnesses. The use of clear communication is also relevant, not only to convey information to the children, but also because it can affect the children’s communication skills as well. Moreover, the educator needs to work closely with the children, their parents and the fellow educators so that they can learn more about each child. This means that sometimes they are involved in settling conflicts between the children and families. The role as the professional in the teaching and learning of children is achieved through several ways. One of them is by the educators developing and implementing programs that are designed to meet the children’s physical, intellectual, social, emotional, developmental and cultural needs and interests. The programs are basically considerate on a play environment. The programs also consider the age of the children. The educator can improvise some of the equipment that can be needed by the children. Secondly, the role can be attained by building the children’s interpersonal and social skills. Positive self-concept can also be achieved by having the educator  establishing positive guidelines that let the children to feel comfortable, safe and secure. Third, as aforementioned, constant communication with the other stakeholders in ECE, mostly the parents, should be considered. Forth, activities that actively involve the children ensure that the children gain maximally. Such activities could include outdoor play, various play experiences, snacks and meals as well as field trips (Deiner, 2013). The child educator also plays a role as an advocate on behalf of children. The educator is expected to understand children in general. Sometimes, children can be presented by challenges that they cannot easily express verbally to the relevant authorities. This means that they can suffer silently over issues such as domestic violence, bullying and lack of basic commodities. The educator has sufficient knowledge to realize a child who is having some pressing issues. Some children can gain the confidence and trust to open up to the educator, virtues that the educator should possess. The educator could as a result gain information that could not be realized by the parents and other people close to the children. Bhavya (2007) feels that children might not be sure on how to approach these issues. Some may be living in fear of exposing how they feel. However, the educator is in a better position to assist. For instance, the educator can ensure that the bullies in the educational institution are warned against it in the best way possible. The educator can be aware on how they can assist when cases of violence where a child is a direct or indirect victim are presented, such as involving lawful measures as well as talking with the parents and guardians of the children. Children whose parents cannot sufficiently offer basic needs can have their needs sought from other sources. Therefore, the educator represents the children in cases where the child might be unable to express themselves. Educators should work with the mentality that all children can learn. Learning involves various aspects of gaining knowledge, and not exclusive to study of books. It involves interpersonal and communication skills. Children are also expected to learn values that are generally acceptable in the society. Each child consequently needs to learn. In addition, each child has  the capability to learn. Although there can be variances in the capabilities, children are able to continually gain knowledge on the aspects noted. The educator should understand how much each child can contain. Moreover, it is relevant to know exactly what a child needs in order to learn. For instance, some children could require frequent reminders and assignments so that they can understand some concepts (Grotewell & Burton, 2008). As the different aspects of learning are concerned, there needs to be various assessments to test the success of each. Apart from the writing and reading skills, tests such as etiquette, posture and arts can be conducted regularly. Although the tests might not be recordable, an educator who clearly understands each of the students can clearly tell whether there is progress in the development of a child. The assessment practices should ensure that the children gain from the basics to the complex contents so that all children can learn (Bhavya, 2007). Technology currently plays a role in the education to young children. Educators are increasingly using technology due to the several benefits it has in enhancing gaining of knowledge among them. There are equipments that have been developed with an aim to create fun as children learn. For instance, counting machines are attractive to the children, and they can enjoy using it. The technologically developed equipments are also safe and easy to use. This means that the children can learn some things on their own after being guided by the educator. Some technology can be used in displaying information that could not be better displayed in any other means. Photos that are presented in screens can be relevant in showing children objects that can help them to learn. Technology also reduces costs in teaching children. For instance, a trip to view some objects in far places can be avoided by having the objects displayed. Therefore, technology is significant in teaching children (Morgan, 2011). The environment is crucial in the teaching and learning among children  between birth and grade three. It affects the emotional, intellectual, psychological and physical aspects of a child. The environment concerns several things, but most importantly the people who interact with the children. The environment should support learning, and it could contain learning inhibiting factors, or can contain motivating ones. If the environment does not support learning, the child cannot concentrate. Children are much likely to put more focus on issues that constantly happen to them. For instance, if they are being physically or emotionally abused, they cannot gain much in the learning process (Morgan, 2011). Children are much motivated by some aspects in the environment. One of them is the availability of ample playing space. Since the children gain a lot when playing, space and equipment provided by the environment can enhance their learning greatly. The environment can also be motivating by just being safe for the children. Therefore, the environment is crucial in the learning of children. References Bhavya, M. S. (2007). _Early childhood education_. Delhi [India: Kalpaz Publications. Deiner, P. L. (2013). _Inclusive early childhood education: Development, resources, practice_. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Grotewell, P. G., & Burton, Y. R. (2008). _Early childhood education: Issues and developments_. New York: Nova Science Publishers. Morgan, H. (2011). _Early childhood education: History, theory, and practice_. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield.

Capital punishment -Criminals Need the Death Penalty essays

Capital punishment -Criminals Need the Death Penalty essays Is the death penalty fair?. It is a very controversial subject discussed by the experts. Has any one of these individuals listened to the rest of us? The answer in many cases is no. Australia and Americas Governments represent the people, their wishes, beliefs and ideals. That means, through elections, we decide what policies are to be passed. In the case of capital punishment, various polls report that seventy percent of Americans are in favour of the death sentence. That is a clear majority. So called experts are free to appeal this is wrong and speak freely. But the fact of the matter is seven out of ten Americans have calculated the problem of capital punishment according to their own values and beliefs. Their conclusion was favourable to the death penalty. The question of it being fair was answered by the majority - and the majority rules. Many experts who speak against the death penalty refer to it as barbaric. The definition of murder, is "the unlawful killing of a human being with hatred ." This is true but that is what a killer has done. Everyone should know that if you kill or rape then the death penalty is the punishment for the crime. If the person willingly committed the terrible act of taking a life, he would know that he would be subject to this penalty. Therefore, he decided to gamble on not being caught, or thought that he was above the law. In either case he willingly gave up his life with the taking of another. Critics argue that an innocent person may be put to death, and most agree this may happen. However, we must protect the people of this country from killers, and we have tried all other options. The trial court imposes death only after a post-conviction hearing, during which circumstances of the crime are reviewed. The accused may also appeal the decision or request a stay of execution as he sees fit. Although the risk of an accidental death is there, the legal actions are i ...

Bmw International Marketing Essays

Bmw International Marketing Essays Bmw International Marketing Essay Bmw International Marketing Essay The BMW Group has been very successful in achieving international status. There are three brands within the entire BMW group: BMW, MINI, and Rolls-Royce Motor Cars. The entire group is committed to providing high quality with all of its products as well as its services. There have been many defining moments in the History of the BMW group. The group was founded in 1916, and was originally called Bayerische Flugzeug-Werke (BFW), standing for Bavarian Aircraft Works. In 1917 the company was renamed Bayerische Moteren Werke (BMW), standing for Bavarian Motor Works. The company constructed a plant in Munich and built engines for military aircraft there until 1918. BMW established plants over Germany that eventually underwent rapid expansion for the volume production of aircraft engines. In 1939, the BMW company took over Brandenburgische Motorenwerke, based in Berlin, Germany. After WWII, the Munich plant had many serious damages from the air raids. In 1945, the US military government issued orders that the plant in Munich had to be dismantled. This caused BMW to lose control over its assets for at least four years, in other locations, even longer. In 1948, the first volume-production motorcycle was sold in another country, and by 1950, motorcycles were already being exported. By 1967, The BMW Munich plat was no longer the largest plant in the world. Dingolfing took over the title after Munich reached its capacity. In 1972, a BMW importer in South Africa seemed to be having issues with potentially facing bankruptcy. The Board of Management then set up a factory in South Africa which became the first production plant outside Germany. BMW gradually took over sales from all of its key markets with importers, starting with France. This was set up to protect profits, as well as to help grow European integration. In 1977, Berlin had a new BMW factory built, and six years later they opened their doors for manufacturing car components as well as motorcycles. BMW decided to build a car plant in the USA in 1992 which therefore branded themselves as a global company. The production of the Z3 roadster was opened in 1994 in Spartanburg, South Carolina. This vehicle was exported all over the world from Spartanburg and eventually the location extended production facilities for the BMW X5. In 1994, BMW purchased the British-based Rover group which contains the brands Rover, Land Rover, MINI and MG. Later, in 1998, Rolls-Royce was acquired by BMW from Volkswagen. The BMW group did not have the rights to vehicle factory until 2003. From 2000 onwards, the Rover group ad lost almost half of their revenue and the costs of restructuring the company had been quite expensive. The BMW Group sold Rover and MG for ten pounds, and later sold Land Rover. The MINI brand is currently still retained by the BMW Group. The entire group has been focused in the international car market since the 2000s, and has their sights set firmly on the premium sector. The company’s objective is clearly defined as â€Å"The BMW Group is the leading provider or premium product s and premium services for individual mobility. †

Application of Discounted Cash Flow

As per the ratio analysis determined from the financial statements of TNO Limited, it can be said that the net profit ratio of the company declined in the current unaudited period compared to that of the previous year by around 9%. Similarly, return on assets of the company also declined by around 10%, which indicates that the capacity to generate revenue from the assets is not sufficient. Working capital ratio of the company reflected 1.91, which was higher in the previous audited financial year indicating that the value of assets has been declined in the current year to meet the current liabilities. According to the financial statements of the company, it can be said that the net income reflected declining trend in the current financial year. It has been observed that the revenue of the company also reflected 58% decline compared to that of the previous year 2009 indicating reduction in the overall expected rate of return. During the current financial year, it has been noticed that the solvency ratio of the company declined in the current year, which was 0.50 in the previous audited period that may lower the return on investment and increase the cost of capital structure (Knechel & Salterio, 2016). On the contrary, liquidity ratio of the company reflected increased value in the current financial year, which reflects the ability of the company to convert resources in cash within short- term period (Lu, Wu & Yu, 2017). Considering the non- current assets of the company, it can be said that the value of investments has been increased in the current year. Increase in value of investments has been measured through properties, which was valued by directors as per the basis of financial year 2010 (Kou, Peng & Wang, 2014). Accordingly, it can be said that the investment valuation of the company reflected risk of decline in market value that may affect the true and fair view of the assets value. In addition, the account of intangible asset valuation reflects significant risk of correct valuation, appropriate amortization charges and value as per the current and fair market rates (Uechi et al., 2015). While planning and performing analytical procedures, it is essential to measure the significant risk present in the financial statements to assess the materiality and relevance of the financial performance of the company. In the present case, the areas that have been considered for significant risks are investments and intangible assets other than overall income statement and balance sheet. The investment account has been identified for significant risk since it covers a significant area of company’s asset and overall financial position. It is essential for a company to measure the appropriate and correct value of investments in accordance with the fair market value (Delen, Kuzey & Uyar, 2013). In case of TNO Limited, investment of surplus funds and property market is principal business activities therefore it is essential to conduct appropriate audit test on the value of investments. It is important to conduct detailed valuation of the investment together with the current mar ket value as well as interest rates along with the verification of accounting records of investment. On the other hand, valuation of intangible assets has been considered since it involves a significant area in the company’s overall asset resources. Since, TNO limited has been involved in research and development of technologies, it is essential to consider appropriate value of intangible assets as per the current market structure. Delen, D., Kuzey, C., & Uyar, A. (2013). Measuring firm performance using financial ratios: A decision tree approach.  Expert Systems with Applications,  40(10), 3970-3983. Dudzi?ska-Bary?a, R., & Michalska, E. (2015). Visualisations of the risk investment valuation and the level of inventory control using the GeoGebra software.  Studia Ekonomiczne,  247, 7-19. Knechel, W. R., & Salterio, S. E. (2016).  Auditing: assurance and risk. Routledge. Kou, G., Peng, Y., & Wang, G. (2014). Evaluation of clustering algorithms for financial risk analysis using MCDM methods.  Information Sciences,  275, 1-12. Lu, L. Y., Wu, H., & Yu, Y. (2017). Investment-related Pressure and Audit Risk.  Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory. Mohammed, M. I., Omirin, M. M., Singhry, I. M., & Auwal, U. (2016). Application of discounted cash-flow (DCF) models in the valuation of investment properties in Nigeria.  International Journal of the Built Environment and Asset Management,  2(1), 25-36. Uechi, L., Akutsu, T., Stanley, H. E., Marcus, A. J., & Kenett, D. Y. (2015). Sector dominance ratio analysis of financial markets.  Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications,  421, 488-509.

Managing Projects Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing Projects - Term Paper Example B. Activity Timing Calculation for Earliest Finish Time (EFT) and LST (Latest Start Time) are shown in the appendix 1. In such context, Field and Keller (2007) gave the following equation to calculate the float time; Float Time= LFT –EST - Duration Generally, float time is defined as the amount of slack time allowed in project or it can be said that amount of time that can be delayed without delaying the completion time of the project. Total float time for the project has been calculated as 29 days and the calculation is given in the appendix 2 section. C. Critical Path It is evident from the research work of Takim, Akintoye and Kelly (2004) that measurement of critical path or the longest route to complete the project plays vital role in project management. Float time has been taken as zero while calculating the critical path. In such context, the path passing through activity points such as A, B, C, F, G, K, L, M, N, O, Q and R has been identified as critical path for the pr oject. Hence, by joining the time scales of these critical activity points we get 50 days as the completion time for the project. At least 50 days will be needed in order to accomplish the project. D. Project Completion Time Project starts on Monday 15th July, 2013 and the project team will work for 5days a week (supposing there will be no holidays except weekend holidays). Taking account of the 50 days project completion period, it can be said that the project will be completed on 20th September, 2013 (Friday). Calculation of the end day of the project has been given in the appendix 3 section. E. Delay in Activity Float time for activity E (not a critical activity) is 2 days which means that maximum 2 days can be delayed for completion of E activity hence delaying activity E for 1 day will not affect the project completion time. Float time for activity P (not a critical activity) is 3 days which means that maximum 3 days can be delayed for completion of P activity hence delaying ac tivity P for 2 days will not affect the project completion time. Q lies in the critical path hence reduction or increase of the duration of the activity will affect the completion time of the project. 1 day early completion of the project Q will help the project to be completed 1 day early. However, delay in activities will definitely increase the cost of the project hence project managers should try to complete each activity on time in order to control the cost of the project. F. Network Diagrams- Limitations Taylor (2006) showed doubt over the usability of network diagram in complex projects while other research scholars pointed out that network diagram is basically probabilistic in nature. Taylor (2006) also pointed out that using network diagram in big project increases the complexity and also creates problem for project members to understand the flow of activities. In such context, limitations of the network diagram can be depicted in the following manner; Concept of Poisson di stribution is used in order to understand the

Fraud And Errors of the Companys Financial Statement Case Study

Fraud And Errors of the Companys Financial Statement - Case Study Example Finally, the detection risk which analyses the risk that auditors’ procedures would fail to detect a material error (Hall, 2013, pp. 691). Accsys Technology PLC is a chemical technology group quoted on the Alternative Investment Market (AIM) on the UK stock exchange. It develops and commercialises a range of transformational technologies that are based on the acetylating of wooden elements, such as particles, wood chips and fibres, and solid use for us as a leading, environmentally sustainable, construction materials. Analysis of the company’s most recent financial statements indicates some anomalies that need further investigations. These areas include revenue, gross profits, and remuneration whose balances show a large positive difference in 2014 as compared to 2013. Material misstatements in the financial statements are often as a result of an overstatement or understatement of revenues. It is crucial for auditors to presume that there are risks in revenue recognition. From the quantitative analysis (Appendix 1) it is clear that the company’s total revenue had materially increased by 78% in 2014 as compared to that reported in the year 2013. According to the financial director, the increase had been attributed to a 61% increase in Acoya revenue because of an increase in sales to Medite. This increase in sales to Medite is because the company had finished its built up stock which it was still utilizing earlier. There was also an increase in license income from Solvay and other revenues such as the sale of acetic acid. According to the financial statements, the increase in total revenue was as a result of an increase in revenues in the UK and Ireland by 183.70% (Appendix 2). This was further explained by an increase in revenue generated fro m one customer who represented 43% of this revenue and exceeded 10% of the group’s revenue. This area creates an audit risk because in 2013 the revenue generated from a customer did not exceed 10% of the Group’s revenue.  Ã‚  

Employer of Choice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Employer of Choice - Assignment Example ng the five most important elements or criteria that I look for in a prospective employer are those factors which fit my lifestyle, accommodate my need for a personal life outside of work, and are also flexible. Health Benefits- Health insurance is becoming increasingly more important as the cost of health care continues to rise. Health insurance, though not something we use every day, can be considered a form of personal risk management, spreading risk out among a number of individuals, thereby preventing the possibility of personal catastrophe should something happen. This is a high priority when I am choosing potential employers. Opportunity for promotion and growth. With goals of moving up the corporate ladder it is important that the company that employee’s me allows me the opportunity to expand and increase my skills and abilities, preventing any position from becoming stale as I strive to take advantage of promotion opportunities and positions offering more responsibility. A wage or salary comparable to the median to upper range for the type of position that I am seeking. Because I know that I am well trained and educated in my field I expect to be compensated on a level between the median and upper level as reported by various consulting companies. A company that is financially secure and solid. A company that is well established and strong will ensure that there is less risk of layoffs, closure’s and staff reductions, while also providing more opportunity for professional growth. Edward Jones is currently seeking financial advisers and branch operators and provides extensive training in order for their employees to be successful. They also offer generous benefit packages, employees have schedules that promote a healthy family lifestyle, offer extremely competitive wages and as a company are financially solid and secure. Edward Jones is also rated number five by Fortune Magazine in 2012’s best companies to work for (Jiminez). Though Boston

The Political and Economic Integration of Europe Essay

The Political and Economic Integration of Europe - Essay Example hors explain that this association has been serving a significant function in strengthening a particular level of cohesion among the dominant social institutions in Europe. This essay will discuss explain the level of integration of the EU in terms of economy and politics. Political and Economic Facts of the European Integration Of primary importance to this subject matter has been the task performed by the petty bourgeoisie. Vassilis Pesmazoglou and Antigone Lyberaki study just a sector of this social level, the small- and medium-sized industrialists of the business sector, emphasising the position that the examination of this group should be situated within wider macroeconomic developments (Dinan 2006). The intention at this point is to analyse the diversity of initiatives and policy proposals related to the continuation and propagation of small- and medium-sized businesses, both as a reaction to the depression and as a way of surpassing it. Having elaborated the most prominent cur rent theoretical paradigm for small and medium- sized businesses, the researchers then analyse the information at hand, contending more particularly with concerns regarding work conditions, compensation, and employment production, as well as the operation of business districts (O’Brennan 2006). Their claim is that the context of the EU provides some relevant ideas regarding the policy matters concerned in the reinforcement of smaller organisations. Nevertheless, the authors argue that small- and medium-sized businesses within the EU will confront some challenging difficulties, such as competition with and adjustment to bigger companies, corporations, and multinationals (Dinan 2006). This discussion about the petty bourgeoisie will demonstrate how the group serves as a contributing force... This paper provides a comprehensive review of the ongoing process of political and economic integration in Europe from different perspectives, using different studies by economists on the subject. A significant gap exists between the peripheral and the central regions of Europe, in all three political economic segments.In the agricultural sector, the South mirrors developing nations more than developed ones. The manufacturing segment also verifies this dualism, with the fact that the North has a lead in the accumulation of human capital, whereas the South focuses in resource-exhaustive goods and services Ultimately, in the service area the South and the North encounter qualitative disparities, particularly in commercial services. These structural gaps have a tendency to orient the drive and the makeup of the capitalist class in the EU. The political parties of Europe express and voice out political, economic, and social interests mostly within the institutionalised instrument of the European Parliament. The functions and duties of the EP, and alongside those of its political parties, have altered remarkably since the late 1970s, when the initial Euro-elections took place. The mutual relationship between the EP and the parties has become more and more substantial, and become one of the attributes of institutional growth throughout the 1990s An issue which has been studied in the EU is the manner social interests are voiced and manifested. Social interests are articulated at the political stage through political parties.

Reasons why the world loved Mohammed Ali Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reasons why the world loved Mohammed Ali - Essay Example nd the defeat of the most famous George Foreman catapulted his fame to reach across all nations in the world making him become a legend in the eyes of the people (Sina 4). Ali gained popularity mainly in the 1960s and 1970s in countries that were considered developing and when he had an interview with Playboy Magazine, he mentioned certain nations which were later on present in the Bandung unity conference, which was meant to intensify the purpose of unity among black people against the Europeans. Most of the countries that Ali mentioned were predominantly Islamic and they attended the conference in large numbers. During the period in which Ali was the controlling world boxing champion, he not only became the most popular Muslim American, but also became the most loved and famous Muslim in the entire universe because he fought against racism and injustice by the administration. Muhammad Ali can be considered as a person who confronted the United States liberation with Islam with the exception of the fact that no one exactly knew the type Muhammad Ali was at the time. The only visible evidence is the manner in which he strongly protested the thought of being an American citizen while at the same time he defended his beliefs as his protected rights. Ali was of the opinion that white people were demons and Allah was a black God who would give black people revenge from showing good deeds during their period on earth (Micklos 8). In as much as his thoughts could be seen as Islamic views, they were no different from those of messianic Black Nationalism. In this regard, Muhammad Ali and his Islamic faith may have served as a motivation to suspect the West of being oppressive instead of being thankful to them. Muhammad Ali became famous and loved in the colored universe after the Second World War for many reasons. Ali combined action and protest showing a strong sense, rare pride and strong racial remarks on his abilities. At the time, most black people cowed away due

Airport screening Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Airport screening - Essay Example In his book, Airport and Aviation Security Elias2 (21) states that mandatory screening in airports is among the strategies that the DHS is employing to prevent terrorists from gaining entry into the country. According to the policy, all passengers from abroad are subjected to thorough screening at the airports to prevent entry of explosives and illegal arms or illicit drugs into the country. The screening policy at the airport was expanded recently following an Ebola scare. This follows a growing concern among Americans of the possible spread of the Ebola into the United States. In the news article â€Å"Ebola Airport Screenings May Seem Intrusive, But They’re Legal, Experts Say†, Tucker (6) notes that Ebola, a disease that was first reported in West Africa, has already claimed the lives of close to 2,000 people. Among the West African countries where deaths have been reported include Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone. Ebola has also been reported in Spain and the U.S., where the disease recently claimed the life of a patient who had been transferred from West Africa for treatment. The Ebola scare has caused a scare to Americans to the extent that the government has been forced to put stringent measures to prevent the spread of Ebola into the U.S. According to the new policy, passengers arriving from West African countries, such as Liberia, Guinea, and Sierra Leone are required to be subjected to thorough screening for Ebola virus. A news article published by Eye Witness News stated that the screening involves checking the passengers temperatures using non-touch thermometers and other screening techniques (5). The main aim of Ebola screening at the airport is to help identify sick passengers from Ebola affected countries so that appropriate measures are taken to prevent the passengers from mixing with the rest of the American population. Any passengers found showing symptoms of Ebola are quarantined immediately in the isolation facilities

Reasons why the world loved Mohammed Ali Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reasons why the world loved Mohammed Ali - Essay Example nd the defeat of the most famous George Foreman catapulted his fame to reach across all nations in the world making him become a legend in the eyes of the people (Sina 4). Ali gained popularity mainly in the 1960s and 1970s in countries that were considered developing and when he had an interview with Playboy Magazine, he mentioned certain nations which were later on present in the Bandung unity conference, which was meant to intensify the purpose of unity among black people against the Europeans. Most of the countries that Ali mentioned were predominantly Islamic and they attended the conference in large numbers. During the period in which Ali was the controlling world boxing champion, he not only became the most popular Muslim American, but also became the most loved and famous Muslim in the entire universe because he fought against racism and injustice by the administration. Muhammad Ali can be considered as a person who confronted the United States liberation with Islam with the exception of the fact that no one exactly knew the type Muhammad Ali was at the time. The only visible evidence is the manner in which he strongly protested the thought of being an American citizen while at the same time he defended his beliefs as his protected rights. Ali was of the opinion that white people were demons and Allah was a black God who would give black people revenge from showing good deeds during their period on earth (Micklos 8). In as much as his thoughts could be seen as Islamic views, they were no different from those of messianic Black Nationalism. In this regard, Muhammad Ali and his Islamic faith may have served as a motivation to suspect the West of being oppressive instead of being thankful to them. Muhammad Ali became famous and loved in the colored universe after the Second World War for many reasons. Ali combined action and protest showing a strong sense, rare pride and strong racial remarks on his abilities. At the time, most black people cowed away due

Beauty of Women Essay Example for Free

Beauty of Women Essay Proposal: I have chosen to write about the comparison between the cultures that produced the Venus de Willendorf with the culture that produces the Barbie doll. While writing about the two cultures, I will describe some common themes the Paleolithic culture and the modern culture share; what our modern culture has adopted and those things it has rejected of which the Paleolithic culture held to high standards. Most important through my writing I will show you how much our world views have changed from the era of the Venus de Willendorf to the modern world view of what the ideal woman should look like and how the view of beauty should not be as superficial as the modern culture makes it out to be. Outline: 1. Intro a. â€Å"Beauty is in the eye of the beholder†, this saying can be proven by looking at the different cultures throughout the ages. Beauty of a woman is much more than what she looks like, it is also what a woman’s body can produce and withstand, what is within her. Past cultures show us something that our modern culture tends to forget; that beauty of a woman is more than what she may look like, a woman’s beauty is something that should be adorned. 2. Body b. Common themes between the Paleolithic culture’s views on beauty vs. the modern world’s view i. One common theme on the view of beauty between the Paleolithic culture and the modern world is that both cultures worship a woman’s beauty; each in their own way. c. Some differences between the view of beauty between the Paleolithic culture and modern culture. ii. The most obvious difference between the two cultures is the size/shape of a woman. In the Paleolithic culture an ideal woman’s shape is volumpsous, full figured; but in the modern culture, the ideal woman’s shape is thin with large breast and well preserved. d. How the view of a woman’s beauty has changed between the Paleolithic culture and modern culture iii. Beauty in the Paleolithic culture largely revolved around reproduction, sustaining life; while beauty in the modern world is about preserving, extending life. e. Conclusion iv. Throughout the ages and the different cultures the regard for a woman’s beauty has changed in some ways, but has stayed the same in others. No matter what the beholder believes beauty to be, the one constant of a woman’s beauty in all cultures and throughout time is that it can be a very powerful thing.

Huge Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor in Teenager

Huge Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor in Teenager Abstract Background: Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a rare benign neoplasm. The huge IMT of chest is even rarely observed and there is few literatures described the disease. Case presentation: A 17-year-old girl who suffered from a dry cough with right chest pain. Contrast-enhanced CT showed a huge heterogeneous mass with calcified plaques. A surgical management strategy was successfully undertaken. Increasing physician awareness of this entity should facilitate recognition of its clinical characteristics and laboratory findings. Conclusions: This case suggests that a rarely huge and surgically treated IMT in a teenager and concerned with the radioclinical, histopathological, therapeutic aspects of this disease. Keywords Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, Lung, Surgery Background Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a rare benign tumor that often affects children. It has been first described by Brunn in 1939 [1] and it accounts for 0.71% of all lung tumors. [2, 3]. The origin of the IMT is unknown, but recent studies have shown that it is a true tumor rather than a reaction process [4]. Different terms used to describe IMT include inflammatory pseudotumor, cellular inflammatory pseudotumor, plasma cell granuloma and inflammatory fibrosarcoma. This lesion consists of inflammatory cells and myofibroblastic spindle cells [5, 6]. We report a case with a rarely huge and surgically treated IMT in a teenager and concerned with the radioclinical, histopathological, therapeutic aspects of this disease. Case presentation A 17-year-old girl was referred to our hospital with a 15 days history of right chest and cough without sputum. She denied the following symptoms including the presence ofhoarseness, hemoptysis, anddyspnea. Her medical history and family history were uneventful. Physical examination revealed normal breath sounds in both of the lung fields. The results of laboratory examinations, including arterial blood gases, hematology tests and biochemistry tests, were within normal limits. Her Pulmonary function tests and cardiovascular examination revealed normal performance. Contrast-enhanced chest computed tomography (CT) showed an 18Ãâ€"16Ãâ€"15 cm heterogeneous mass with calcified plaques invading the entire right hemithorax and mediastinal shift to the left (Fig 1A, 1B). However, the patient refused to have the bronchoscopic examination and fine-needle biopsy of the mass. As diagnosis was not established through imaging, surgery was scheduled. Under general anesthesia with selective intub ation, a huge mass (measuring 20Ãâ€"17Ãâ€"17 cm and weighing 2010g) with inferior vena cava and right pericardium invasion was found and the right middle and lower lobes bronchus appeared encased by the mass. At last, the neoplasm was completely excised. The patient underwent a right middle and lower lobectomy, inferior vena cava angioplasty and partial resection of pericardium. Mediastinal lymph node dissection was also accomplished. The feeding vessels of the mass were ligated and the mass was removed without tumor spillage or capsular injury. After that, reexpansion of the right upper lobe was observed and a chest tube was placed to drain the pleural cavity. A postoperative roentgenogram of the chest showed that the mediastinum had returned to its normal position and the right lung was well expanded. Microscopic examination revealed a proliferation of regular spindle cells arrayed in fascicles, admixed with lymphocytes, plasma cells and eosinophils. Additional immunohistochemis try with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-1 and smooth muscle actin (SMA) revealed positive and the translocation of the ALK gene was found by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH). The results for desmin, S-100, CD99, CD34, Myogenin, EMA and pankeratin were negative. Ki-67 proliferative activity was 8%. Based on these data, the diagnosis of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor was retained. Histologic diagnosis showed a negative bronchial margin and lymph nodes free of malignancy. The patient made an uneventful postoperative recovery and was followed up for two months without evidence of recurrence to date. Conclusions Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a rare massforming lesion characterized by fibroblastic or myofibroblastic spindle cell proliferation with varying degrees of inflammatory cell infiltration. The World Health Organization (WHO) classified IMT as a distinct entity in 1994 [7]. However, the huge inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of chest is even rarely observed and there is few literatures described the disease (Table). The cause of IMT tumors is unclear, but an immunological response to an infectious agent or noninfectious agent remains possible [8]. Whereas some reporters demonstrated that IMT tumors are true neoplasms and some believe the IMT tumors to be a low-grade sarcoma with inflammatory cells as it has a potential for local recurrence, infiltration, multicentricity, and rarely metastases [9]. Also, ALK positivity is detected in 36% to 60% of cases and the presence of chromosomal aberrations in these tumors suggests that IMT is a neoplastic proliferation of clonal or igin [10]. In our case, there was no evidence of infection or inflammatory response and no history of trauma in her chest. The tumor was single and circumscribed, and movable. The IMT affects both sexes, at any ages, with a slight predominance in children and young adults [4, 11]. Most patients are asymptomatic and the tumor is discovered incidentally on a chest X-ray performed for another reason [4, 11].From the table, all of the four patients were young adults and were referred to the hospital with a common symptom of cough. In our patient, the tumor was discovered at an early age and the only symptoms were dry cough and right chest pain. Radiological aspects are capricious. Chest radiographs are the most generally performed imaging study to evaluate the neoplasm. Most patients have a mass or a pulmonary nodule, generally measuring 1 to 6 cm in diameter [12]. On CT scans, these tumors shows typically heterogenous attenuating enhancement [6]. Sometimes the tumor can extend towards the hilum, mediastinum, pleura or diaphragm [1, 3]. As recorded in the table, all the sizes of masses were huge and two of them were observed the invasion of the mediastinal or the chest wall. There is also a word of caution in our case that the representative calcifications were observed in the centure of heterogeneous mass and it invaded the inferior vena cava and right pericardium. Microscopically the IMT tumor consists of spindle shaped cells that are mixed with a chronic inflammatory component that consists of plasma cells, lymphocytes, and occasional histiocytes. Immunohistochemistry for ALK discovered cytogenetic abnormalities on chromosome 2p23 is relatively specific for IMF tumor among the spectrum of fibroblastic-myofibroblastic tumors and other potential mesenchymal mimics of IMF tumor [13]. The recent WHO classification of soft tissue tumors recognizes 3 basic variants of IMT: (1) loosely organized myofibroblasts in an edematous myxoid background with plasma cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and blood vessels, resembling nodular fasciitis; (2) dense aggregates of spindle cells arrayed in a variable myxoid and collagenized background and admixed with a distinctive inflammatory infiltrate, diffuse clusters of plasma cells, and lymphoid nodules, resembling fibrous histiocytoma or fibromatosis; and (3) collagen sheets with scattered plasma cells and eosinop hils resembling a scar or desmoid tumor [14]. The differential diagnosis of IMT is follicular dendritic cell tumor and inflammatory pseudotumor. Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (FDCS), which was first reported by Monda et al. in 1986, is a rare neoplastic proliferation that exhibits the morphological and immunophenotypic features of FDCS that are among the accessory cells of the lymphoid system. The tumor cells exhibited positive immunohistochemical staining for vimentin, CD21 and CD35 as well as negative staining for ALK-1 and SMA. Inflammatory pseudotumors are benign tumors commonly found in the lung and they are characterized by proliferation of spindle cells (fibroblasts and myoblasts), with variable numbers of mitoses, and inflammatory cells infiltration, particularly plasma cells. More recently, the presence of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK 1) staining in some cases has been postulated to be of value in the confirmation of IMT and in its distinction from other entities. A series of studies found the translocation of th e ALK gene by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) in IMT (16). In our case, the mass was spindle cell lesion with severe atypism and some mitosis. As shown in Fig 2 (A, B, C), ganglion-like cells were present and the immunohistochemistry result for ALK-1 shows strong positivity of tumor cytoplasm and translocation of the ALK gene. Based on these findings, her tumor may be very aggressive. Despite IMT is a benign tumor, it is considered by some authors as a low grade tumor because of malignant features such as local invasiveness, recurrence or malignant transformation. Complete surgical resection is the appropriate treatment for IMT. Cerfolio and colleagues reported an excellent prognosis in patients undergoing complete resection of pulmonary IMT, with a 5-year survival rate of 91.3%. However, a 60% recurrence rate in those receiving incomplete resection has been reported in the same study [15]. Corticosteroid monotherapy may result in rapid resolution of the disease and sustained remission (17, 18). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) as solitary therapy may be extremely efficacious and anecdotal response to chemotherapy has also been reported (19). As the literature reviewed in the table, three patients had the operations by a standard posterolateral thoracotomy. Among them, two patients had the lobectomy and the other had the complete resection with two through fourth ribs. The patient whose neoplasm invaded superior vena cava, heart atrium and right pulmonary vein underwent chemotherapy with bleomicin, etoposide and cisplatin. After two cycles of chemotherapy, the tumorslightly reduced in size and the patient only survived for 12 months. In summary, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor is a rare benign tumor. Because of its local invasiveness and its tendency to recur, IMT tumor can be confused with malignant lesions. Because the treatment of IMT tumor is conservative surgery, preoperative recognition is important to avoid radiation therapy, and intensive multi-agent chemotherapy that would be appropriate treatments for soft tissue sarcomas. Clinical and radiological presentation is variable and nonspecific and the diagnosis is rarely made before chirurgical management. Also, because the tumor with cellular atypia, ganglion-like cells, ALK and SMA reactivity has a more aggressive clinical behavior, a careful follow-up is required. Figure legend Figure 1: CT features of the case. A and B: Contrast-enhanced CT showed a huge heterogeneous mass with calcified plaques. Figure 2: Histological and immunoistochemical features. A: Hematoxylin-eosin staining demonstrating spindle cells sprinkled, with a predominance of plasma cells and lymphocytes. (X400) B: Immunohistochemical staining showing strong reactivity for anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-1(X400) C: Immunohistochemical staining showing strong reactivity for smooth muscle actin (SMA) (X400) 1

Performers in Eighteenth Century British Theatre :: European Europe History

Performers in Eighteenth Century British Theatre Eighteenth century British theatre was perhaps the starting point that would evolve into modern theatre. Women started to be allowed on stage and acting techniques were beginning to change. Leading performers were like celebrities with a number of fans. Theatre was an intricate part of the social ladder. In the overall scheme of things the actors and actresses played an important part in making the theatre what it was. Without the performers there wouldn’t really be theatre, so in order to understand the eighteenth century British theatre the performers of that era need to be understood. The social standing of actors and actresses in the late eighteenth century was mostly understood to be of the lower class but they were not always treated so. "Many performers, furthermore, were received everywhere with cordiality and respect. Several of them made marriages with persons of distinction;" (Hogan, cxx). A problem that would often occur to dampen a performer's social standing would be the result of a character they played. People of the audience would often hold the performer accountable for the faults of their character. "For an actress to portray an adulteress was not only immodest, but it would almost certainly induce her to become one in reality; of an actor profligacy and immorality were his chief characteristics;" (Hogan, cxx). In a season that could involve 200 nights of performances over 100 plays may be produced (Hogan, ciii). With this in mind many actors and actresses would need to be available to play a great number of parts. For example, "in 1794-95 Quick's first appearance was on 24 September, his last on 25 May. This is a period of 177 nights, out of which he acted on 149, in 47 different parts" (Hogan, cii). With such an abundance of parts to be learned and understood performers had to develop a system to remember everything. There is no exact detailed system to how performers did this than just completely taking time to focus on the part. Hogan provides an example from Michael Kelly‘s Reminiscences that is perfect in showing the focus and discipline performers had to have. â€Å"Previous to the opening of the newly constructed Drury lane in the spring of 1794 its acting manager. John Philip Kemble, must clearly have had his mind occupied with countless details: the superintendence of a large crew of house servants and workmen, of finances, of advertising, of preparing a spectacular revival of Macbeth.

Works of Howard Phillips Lovecraft Essay -- Howard Phillips Lovecraft

Works of Howard Phillips Lovecraft It is morning on August 20, 1890 and the world of literature is about to change, though it will not understand just how much so for decades. It is on this morning that a precocious child, Howard Phillips Lovecraft, is born. Lovecraft would begin his writing career at the tender age of six with his short story â€Å"The Noble Eavesdropper†. He would grow up to be well read and well learned (he was producing scientific journals for his friends at age nine), despite never finishing high school (Joshi para 1- 4). Now, nearly three quarters of a century after his death, he still influences the genres of horror, science fiction, and fantasy. His influence can be felt in the creations of Robert Bloch (Psycho), Stephen King (The Dark Half, et al), Neil Gaiman (Sandman, The Day I Sold My Dad for Two Fish), and Alan Moore (Watchmen, From Hell). (Wikipedia: Lovecraft para 1-2) How can one man influence so many, and not just in the genres of fiction? A simple internet search will reveal site after site devoted to the works of HP Lovecraft, the creatures of his creation, and the mysterious Necronomicon. This last is especially interesting as many of those sites recount the significance of this tome to magical and spiritual endeavors. In fact, books claiming to be English translations can be purchased online and in bookstores. It is, of course, purely fictitious. The writer of the tome, one Abdul Alhazred, was a name that Lovecraft had created at the age of five because of his fascination with Arabian Nights. (Straub 831) So what is it about his works that they have such an effect that people would believe a work of fiction to be real? Could he indeed be a conduit of greater myster... ...e faith. Bibliography Fonda, Marc. â€Å"Fonda’s Jung Notes: Summary of Jung’s Psychology.† Notes on CG Jung. 8 December 1996. 6 December 2005. Joshi, S.T. â€Å"Howard Phillips Lovecraft: The Life of a Gentleman of Providence.† The HP Lovecraft Archive. 13 April 2004. 6 December 2005. â€Å"Lovecraft’s Influence In Popular Culture from: Lovecraft.† WikiPedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 5 December 2005. 6 December 2005. Lowell, Mark. â€Å"Lovecraft’s CTHULHU MYTHOS.† Explicator Fall 2004. 6 December 2005. Database: Academic Search Premier. P 48 â€Å"Monomyth.† WikiPedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 6 December 2005. 6 December 2005. Straub, Peter ed. HP Lovecraft: Tales. New York: Literary Classics of the United States, 2005. pg 831 and text quotations for â€Å"The Thing on the Doorstep†

Macroeconomics and Government Essay

How are presidential election outcomes related to the performance of the economy? 2. (7 points) Discuss the difference between Microeconomics and Macroeconomics. 3. (10 points) Use the concepts of gross and net investment to distinguish between an economy that has a rising stock of capital and one that has a falling stock of capital. â€Å"In 1933 net private domestic investment was minus $6 billion. This means that in that particular year the economy produced no capital goods at all. † Do you agree? Why or why not? Explain: â€Å"Though net investment can be positive, negative, or zero, it is quite impossible for gross investment to be less than zero. † 4. (7 points) What are the major factors that have affected U. S. household consumption since the recession in 2001? 5. (7 points) Briefly explain how the following would shift the IS function to the right. a. A change to lump-sum taxation (Specify whether increase or decrease is needed to shift IS curve to the right. ) b. A change to government spending (Specify whether increase or decrease is needed to shift IS curve to the right. ) 6. (7 points) Explain briefly how a change to the following MS, MD, or P (ceteris paribus) would shift the LM function to the right. Include in your discussion whether the variable would have to increase or decrease to cause the rightward LM shift. Discuss which of these the FED exercises control over. a. MS. b. MD (money demand). c. P (price index). 7. (7 points) By how much will GDP change if firms increase their investment by $8 billion and the MPC is . 80? If the MPC is . 67? 8. (10 points) Suppose that private sector spending is highly sensitive to a change in interest rate. Compare the effectiveness of monetary and fiscal policy in terms of rising and lowering real GDP 9. (10 points) Assume that a hypothetical economy with an MPC of . 8 is experiencing severe recession. By how much would government spending have to increase to shift the aggregate demand curve rightward by $25 billion? How large a tax cut would be needed to achieve this same increase in aggregate demand? Why the difference? Determine one possible combination of government spending increases and tax decreases that would accomplish this same goal. 10. (7 points) What are government’s fiscal policy options for ending severe demand-pull inflation? Use the aggregate demand-aggregate supply model to show the impact of these policies on the price level. Which of these fiscal policy options do you think might be favored by a person who wants to preserve the size of government? A person who thinks the public sector is too large? 11. (10 points) Explain why relatively flat as opposite relatively steep labor demand curves are more consistent with the empirical observation that there are relatively minor changes in the real wage rate over the course of the business cycle. 12. (7 points) Is sustainable long-run equilibrium always reached when the AD and SAS curves intersect? Why or why not? 13. (7 points) If the equilibrium real wage remains constant, what happens to the nominal wage when the actual inflation rate exceeds the expected inflation rate? 14. (7 points) â€Å"In the steady state, the government benefits from inflation. † Explain. Answers Question 1. Studies have proven that presidential election outcomes are definitely related to the performance of the economy. The winning presidential party retains the office of presidency while personal income grows at a faster, higher rate than the long-term rate. The incumbent presidential party will be voted out of office when income grows at a rate lower than the long term rate. Question 2. Microeconomics meaning small, is a branch of economics that studies the behavior of individual households and firms by making decisions on the allocation of limited resources. Normally, it applies to markets where goods or services are bought and sold. Macroeconomics meaning large, is a branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of an economy in a whole, rather than individual markets like in Microeconomics. This includes national, regional, and global economies. Question 3. Depreciation + Net Investment = Gross Investment if I rearrange it, it will say; Depreciation – Gross Investment = Net Investment Since capital stock of an economy only rises when net investment is positive, that is when gross investment exceeds depreciation. So naturally the capital stock falls when net investment is negative, that is when gross investment is less than depreciation. In 1933 net private domestic investment was minus $6 billion. This does NOT mean the country produced no capital goods: what it means is that the production of capital goods was less than what was lost due to wear and tear, thus the net impact was an overall loss in capital stock. Gross private investment in most cases cannot be negative, since you can decide not to invest in new factories, but how do you decide to make a negative investment on an economy wide scale. Question 4. Household consumption has been diminishing or is flat to be honest. Income and employment rates have slowly been declining or stays in one particular place. Energy producers have increased the percentage of household budgets for fuel and electricity. According to economics, it shows minimal growth since 2001. Question 5. The IS function is the investment-saving function. A shift to the right implies that for any given level of output the interest rate has gone up, and vice versa. Now for the examples: (a) A change in lump-sum taxation: A lump-sum reduction in the tax rate has the same effect as increased government deficit with people and firms increasing their spending, pushing out the IS curve. (b) A change in government spending: Increased government spending will have the same impact as lower savings, and will push the IS curve to the right Question 6. The LM function is liquidity preference minus the money supply. It tells that real money balances are a primary function of the interest rate and real income. This is usually represented as M/P = L(r, Y), which states real money balance M/P, where M is nominal money balance and P is price level, depends on the real interest rate r and real output Y. An increase in money supply will cause the LM curve to shift to the right, thus lowering the equilibrium interest rate and increasing the equilibrium output. An increase in the demand for money should have the same impact: shift the LM curve to the right. If the price level falls the LM curve will shift to the right since real money balances will increase in such a case. The Fed has control over the nominal money supply but not on money demand and price level. Money demand depends on the transaction demand of money and the Fed cannot influence the prices (they are determined by the market and customers) so as powerful as the Fed is they cannot influence demand for money. Question 7. If MPC = 0. 67, multiplier = 1/1-0. 67 = 1/0. 33=3. Income should increase to 3Ãâ€"8 so it would end up at $24 billion. If Mp = 0. 8, Multiplier = 1/1-0. 8=1/0. 2=5, income should increase to 5Ãâ€"8 so it would end up at $40 billion. Question 8. Ok, if the private sector spending is highly sensitive to changes in interest rates then the monetary policy will be more effective in determining the movement of real output. This is due to the fact that a small rise in interest rates then a small reduction in money supply will quell any demand-pull inflation and therefor bringing the economy back to the long-run equilibrium. While a small reduction in interest rates should push up the aggregate demand in similar measures. Government policy has a bigger impact on the autonomous part of aggregate expenditure and hence will have a lower impact in such a scenario. Question 9. MPC = 0. 8, we can say that the multiplier, which is defined to be Multiplier = 1/MPS = 1/(1-MPC) then is equal to 5. So, we increase AD by $25 billion the government has to increase spending by $5 billion. A larger tax cut would be needed to achieve the same goal since people do not want to or wish to spend everything they get. Given that people are spending 80% of each additional dollar if the government provides a tax cut of $5 billion I would say people would only spend $4 out of that. Thus the final impact will be 4Ãâ€"5 = $20 billion. To get people to spend $5 billion, the government has to lower taxes by $6. 25 billion (6. 25Ãâ€"0. 8 = 5 if the formula I used). Any combination that hopes to achieve the $25 billion raise in AD will have to increase initial spending by at least $5 billion. Suppose the government increase spending by G and provides a tax cut T, then any combination that satisfies: G + 0. 8T = 5 will serve the purpose. Question 10. The government has two options when it wants to influence the macroeconomic: A. it can change taxes or B. It can change its spending patterns. If economics is facing a demand-pull inflation it means AD is rising quicker than expected. The four components of AD are; 1. household consumption (C), 2. gross private investment (I), 3. government expenditure (G), 4. Net exports (NX). Normally we would take I, G and X to be exogenous variables. Soto curtail a demand-pull inflation the government has to work on somehow curtailing consumption (C) and imports (M), or we can also cut down its own personal spending. The two options with the government in such a case then would be: (a) Cut down government spending: a reduction in G will then also make a reduce in AD. (b) Increase taxes: This would bring down the disposable income and will then also bring down both C and M. For a person who wants to preserve the size of the government the second option I think would be a better choice, since the government is retaining its size and is still able to bring the requisite change in AD. A person who thinks public sector is too large will opt for the first move, reducing G, since that will immediately mean the government has become smaller. Which I personally would vote for, out government could use a little trimming. Question 11. The simplest way for me to look at it is like this; If the demand curve is flat, then a reduction or an increment in labor demand does not alter the price at all. But on the other hand, if the demand curve is, then an equivalent change in demand has much bigger change in the wage rates. Empirical results suggest that wages are sticky, and the steep labor demand curve cannot explain this observation. Question 12. When the AD and SAS intersect it is called a â€Å"short-run macroeconomic equilibrium. † This is NOT sustainable unless it the intersection point falls on the LAS curve. The reason is any such intersection to the left of the LAS curve will not be using any resources, and companies will have an incentive to increase production without putting too much pressure on the costs, while an intersection to the right will put too much inflationary pressure therefor making it unsustainable. Question 13. Inflation- Nominal Wage Rate = Real Wage Rate So therefor, Expected inflation- Expected Nominal Wage Rate = Expected Real Wage Rate. It can also be written as; Expected Real Wage Rate + Expected inflation = Expected Nominal Wage Rate. If the equilibrium real wage rate remains constant, meanwhile inflation exceeds expected inflation then the nominal wage rate has to rise, there is no other choice. Question 14. In the steady state, the government benefits from inflation. I assume that the steady state here means the long-run macroeconomic equilibrium. The economy would like some small inflation at some point since with a small inflation the real costs for companies always fall and they have to have an incentive in order to increase production. To see why consider the contracts that companies set up, They are all based on nominal variables. A small inflation will reduce the real value of these contracts, and keeping with the domino affect the firms have an incentive to increase real output at lower real costs. Total output will rise in this particular case, pushing out the LAS curve. The government would also benefit with higher tax earnings.

Education is a significant tool Essay

Rodriguez and Freire could share an agreement on the fact that education is a significant tool on the path leading to success. Freire would disagree with Rodriguez on the fact that there is no â€Å"end of education†. Richard Rodriguez and Paolo Freire write of education as the core factor in one’s life. Two Million Minutes, the film makes the argument that U.S. students are performing at a mediocre level, at best, in math and science, and that this cannot stand, given the growing economic and educational might of nations like China and India. U.S. student’s aren’t being pushed hard enough and are just getting by through high school, with the help of The Banking Concept of Education and The Achievement of Desire we can make a change in the student’s education and attitudes towards wanting to be successful in life. Through Freire’s lens, Richard Rodriguez would be seen as a banking student, but could later be seen as a problem-posing student throughout the course of his life; in the eyes of Freire, Rodriguez was considered a receptacle which he did not understand the knowledge he absorbed. With this comparison, the reader can conclude that the banking education is a great part of a student’s life; as seen in the documentary, 2 Million Minutes, students use all their time they have in high school, studying, memorizing their school curriculum in order to get a great education at a high level university to become very successful in their lives. This all ties into how the political aspect of the classroom has an impact on the society as a whole and having this power can change generations to come. The types of relationships Rodriguez had with his teachers, family and in life was affected by specific styles of education and as he looked through Freire’s lens of the banking concept, he came to realized that that method of education had a detrimental effect on his life. Early on in Rodriguez’s essay he illustrates the characteristics of an automaton which confirmed Freire’s views regarding the banking concept. Despite his definition of a â€Å"scholarship boy†, Rodriguez lacked self-confidence which led him to be overpowered by his teachers and his books. Through Freire’s lens, Rodriguez would be considered a waste basket. He was filled not only with his  teacher’s knowledge, but also with information obtained from his â€Å"important† books. Rodriguez seems to be a classic student of Freire’s banking system. Rodriguez shows signs of fleeing away from the ways of the banking concept early on. He concedes by saying, â€Å"I became the prized student anxious and eager to learn. â€Å"Too eager, too anxious an imitative and unoriginal pupil.† At the time Rodriguez was simply just absorbing the narrated information that he obtained from his teachers and books. Even though he was able to narrate the information he received, he did not truly know or understand the knowledge he absorbed. Rodriguez and Freire both state that education is vital for success. Freire states that, â€Å"Projecting an absolute ignorance onto others, a characteristic of the ideology of oppression, negates education and knowledge as processes of inquiry† (Freire 3).Rodriguez did not question or analyze the information; he simply accepted and deposited the knowledge without any doubts. By learning to use his education wisely and make connections between different texts, he heightened his intelligence. In 2 Million Minutes the featured American students Neil and Brittany are certainly intelligent, but they seem more concerned with extracurricular activities and friends than with their studies. Indian students Rohit and Apoorva, however, and Chinese students Xiaoyuan and Ruizhang all plan careers in math or science, and their families and schools support these goals. The film incorporates these students’ descriptions of their high school experiences and future aspirations with the hopes of their parents, and filmmakers juxtapose scenes from the different homes and schools. As it states â€Å"knowledge is a gift bestowed by those who consider themselves knowledgeable upon those whom they consider to know nothing.†(pg.1) Freire is stating that the students do not know anything and that the job of the teacher is to fill the â€Å"piggy bank† of the students’ minds with coins of knowledge. If we just give the students what they want and don’t allow the m to engage back then they aren’t really learning anything. They should both be able to state their opinions, have conversations in which both students and teachers participate, and the students should have the opportunity to lead discussions. This way students develop a relationship with their teachers, their peers, and the world. This will enable them to receive an education where the teachers do not oppress the students, and there is a dialectical relationship between the two;  showing that they care and really want to be informed and learn something new. Although Freire and Rodriguez have different opinions, they both agree that education is the dominating event in the shaping of an adult life. Paulo Freire and Richard Rodriguez opinions of education are almost completely opposed, but they come to a conclusion of agreement in that the primary educational goal is to form a relationship with oneself, and with the world. Rodriguez spent many years of education fulfilling the â€Å"banking† concept, and although he later recognizes the loss it entailed, he primarily believes that imitation plays an important role in the process of education for one must do this to succeed. Here, Freire would argue that the educational system is currently oppressive towards the students, and that there is a sense of necrophilia behind it all, that being the love of death. This love of death, he explains, is the technique of teaching based on memory. Rodriguez would contradict this explanation of education, relaying that â€Å"banking† plays a large role in the success of the student. Freire and Rodriguez have opposing views on the ideas of imitation, alienation, and power, Freire believing all of these concepts need to be removed or reformed and Rodriguez believing that they are important aspects for academic success. Freire’s view on Rodriguez is that he truly didn’t understand what he was being taught, and that’s where The Banking Concept of Education comes in which Rodriguez isn’t communicating with his teachers he’s just listening to what he’s being taught. Paulo Freire and Richard Rodriguez have contradictory views concerning education. Paulo Freire discusses the negativities of present education and explains how it should be reformed, whereas Rodriguez illustrates his own life in education, and how it led him to be the person he is today. Freire believes in â€Å"problem posing education† which consists of an alive, dynamic change in students, allowing them to become humanized with a relationship with the world. 2 Million Minutes it stated that U.S. students aren’t focused and determined to do well in school like those in other countries like India and china. In comparison between the United States with China and India, there is a definite difference between the difficulties of the curriculum within the educational system. Even though we would believe that the educational system in U.S. is the complete and the most perfect one in the world; the amount of the curriculum contents students learn are actually a lot less than students in China and  India. Freire would argue that if Rodriguez was educated under the method of problem-posing he would have embraced his home life and would have developed as an individual. In the end Rodriguez had balanced his life out and reconnected with his family. Education in the end helped Rodriguez realize that other elements of his life are important. Both Freire and Rodriguez believe that a person cannot be without education.