Terrorism As A System Of Terror Essay - 1565 Words

Name Professor Course Date Terrorism is a difficult concept to define because definitions are not intended to be true or false but a reflection of evident phenomena that have common properties that result from similar causes and effects. The oxford English Dictionary defines terrorism as a system of terror directed and carried out by those in power such as that in France during the revolution of 1789-1794, or a system aimed at striking with terror the individuals whom it is adopted. This definition is ambiguous because it does not provide a clear meaning of terrorism. Terrorism is a difficult concept to define because the meaning of this term has changed frequently over time (Tilly 11). Terrorism was coined during the French Revolution where it had a positive connotation and employed to establish order during the anarchical period after the revolution. It was used by new revolutionary states to intimidate counter revolutionaries. Terrorism was associated with revolutionary connotations during the opposition of the European rule where nationalist’s movements used terrorism against colonial powers. These actions were soon opposed and thereafter terrorism became associated with abuse of power. The increased threats of state sponsored terrorism changed the perspective of terrorism. It became associated with secret warfare where weaker states would confront larger ones without the fear of retribution by sponsoring or commissioning terrorist acts (Vimik, Demetrios and Joseph 54).Show MoreRelatedCyber Terrorism1716 Words   |  7 Pagesof America was the victim of a cyber terrorism attack; although no definitive evidence is available to substantiate that claim.   Cyber terror attacks pose a threat against the national security of the United States. In order to fully comprehend the threat that cyber terrorism poses, it is essential to understand the background, the effects, the reality of the threat and the future of cyber terrorism. This assessment examines the reality of the cyber terrorism threat, and also questions its validityRead MoreThe French Revolution First Popularized The Words Terrorist And Terrorism 1506 Words   |  7 PagesRevolution first popularized the words ‘terrorist’ and ‘terrorism’, its contemporary understanding differs from its revolutionary meaning in 1794. The serious economic difficulties, the threat of foreign invasions and the social structure of the French government are some of the causes that led to the fall of the monarchy in August 1792. Left without a constitution for almost three years and at the hands of a revolutionary government, the reign of terror suggests an example to f uture states in oppressingRead MoreIs The Pre Emptive Use Of Force Against Terrorism Lawful? Essay1071 Words   |  5 PagesIS THE PRE-EMPTIVE USE OF FORCE AGAINST TERRORISM LAWFUL? INTRODUCTION Is the pre-emptive use of force against terrorism lawful? This has become one of the major topics of discussion within the international system. Terrorism, has been around for several years and was brought into the limelight during the 9/11 attacks that occurred within the United States of America (USA). These were the first attacks that occurred on US soil since the Pearl Harbor. As a result, the Bush administration which wasRead MoreThe State Terror in Taiwan1566 Words   |  6 Pages The term terrorism is generally linked with images from September 11 and other attacks targeted on innocent civilians done by terrorist individuals and sub-sate group to influence state’s policy nowadays. Terrorists are portrayed as evil and unlawful while states represent the justice and legitimate side that against it. According to Jackson(2011: , more than 80 percent of the academic articles are dealing with non-state terrorism. However, as described by Jackson(2011: 228-9 in Jackson, R., MurphyRead MoreWhat Are The Faults Of The NTAS1547 Words   |  7 Pagesor elevated alert. The NTAS now possesses the opposite problem. After six years of use, the NTAS still has not used to their alert system to the public of an Elevated Threat or an Imminent Threat. There is no history or credible resources that show the public how credible the NTAS really is, except for the bulletins that the DHS post very minimally (Terror Alert System, 2017). However effective the NTAS might be in th e future, there are no current examples of NTAS effectiveness for the public to baseRead MoreMajor Problems That Contribute to the Dilemma of War Facing the World1410 Words   |  6 Pageswhen presented, often fall dramatically short of any practical value. It may be wise to find a new approaches to managing war and terrorism due to a seemingly non-progressive status on its current understanding. The purpose of this essay is to present a solutions based argument that is designed to address the solutions to violence and seek and ending to war and terrorism in a productive and effective manner. The essay will present a simple three stepped plan the will address the major problems thatRead MoreHandling The War On Terror1037 Words   |  5 PagesHandling the War on Terror The Global War on Terror, or War on Terror, with the United States at the helm, is the second most expensive war in American history, having surpassed $2 trillion. At the same time, little has been accomplished for domestic security or the destruction of terror groups. The United States needs a clear, focused strategy to suppress terrorist groups, while at the same time eliminating the causes for terrorism. I propose a gradual drawdown and closing of US bases and garrisonsRead MoreWar on Terror1421 Words   |  6 PagesSCI 180 PATRICK COATY WAR ON TERROR I, myself, before September 11, 2001 did not know what terrorism was. It is completely a new term for me, and I could never figure how terrible it is. But then, experiencing and witnessing the feeling of losing the one you loved who was a victim of that disaster, I recognized that the world is no longer as safe as before. Today, not only America but also Britain, Spain, Indonesia†¦became the target of terrorists. The terror tissue is the most challengedRead MoreTypes Of Diplomacy And Combat Terrorism979 Words   |  4 Pages5 types of diplomacy to combat terrorism The ever-changing nature of terrorism threats have led many states to devise collaborative methods to fight terrorist organizations by adapting regular security assessments and taking counterterrorism measures in order to overcome them. Through diplomacy, many states are searching for advanced support, methods, structures, and tools to combat internal threats and win war against terrorism (Phillips, Neal Webb, 2011). Diplomacy is an instrument of power thatRead MoreThe United States Intervention With Terrorism1081 Words   |  5 PagesTerrorism, in a modern day perspective, has been molded as a Middle Eastern threat to Western Civilization; although the whole idea of terrorism itself has existed for ages. Undoubtedly, â€Å"The War on Terror,† is a western form of saying to depict the general aspect of terrorism. Through all aspects of the world, terrorism, is defined as an act of unruly and warlike tactics that mainly creates harm to civilians. Usually, these acts of violen ce are not simply for the use of harming citizens, but to

Digital Age and Global marketing Free Essays

Today in the area of sales and marketing, digital age or the age of internet has helped the marketers to connect to customers to help dramatically get associated with the various business processes and the rules there-of. The creation of a Digital age by getting equipped with vast web capabilities and technologies is the requirement in today’s information age to satisfy the informative demanding customer. Internet thus has helped as an important tool under the promotional mix categorized as a means for Direct Marketing. We will write a custom essay sample on Digital Age and Global marketing or any similar topic only for you Order Now If marketers adopt it meaningfully, if they are in a position to conduct a dialogue based discussion on the web portal, if they can initiate a conversation between the customer and the firm, then it is considered to be the greatest strength of the company who will result in predicting the best business drivers required. Thus as we also are consumers of certain products, getting internet promotions pre-sales and post-sales is the need of the hour and is the cheapest form considered. But this web-based age does encourage networking between stakeholders and partners, having trade and consumer associations and person-to-person marketing. In the digital age marketing scenario, time and speed are the most important as it is also used as a tool to educate and inform the masses. Brick and click has thus proved to be advantageous to our digital consumers in the arena of cyber culture (Gmii. com, 2001). Prospective customers are definitely affected by privacy and hence would always prefer personal contact. Digital age should act as an advancement to develop another means for marketing but shouldn’t substitute the sales force. Despite the huge advantages of Digital Age, consumers are very secretive to have a transaction online because it affects their privacy which forces them to lose power of their personal issues. Surveillance by using technology to capture the personal information by using listening and spying devices in the age of dataveillance is what customers are skeptical about. Businesses should therefore develop something called as a trust infrastructure which vouches for the safety of information and builds better relationships. Thus buyers and sellers should transact without disclosing the identity and the authenticity of the other. Therefore consumers themselves must be given the control to use the digital age of media only if they feel the firm is worth relying upon. Consumers’ in-turn has to be very vigilant about the transactions they conduct on the web (Zwick, D. et al. 1999). A double bottom line system could be beneficial to the firm but it takes time to get successful results. Considering revenue diversification, mission and focusing on the cost effectiveness the best results could be achieved for which Digital age of marketing would facilitate the process in a speedy manner (Iff. org, 2008). How to cite Digital Age and Global marketing, Essays

English NLP of IVE free essay sample

The video explains ten wonderful experiment. Including with using of the smoke has been extinguished candles relight, using the gas that soda and water was generated to extinguish the candle, put the hand on the table, and after making a certain gesture that is not possible to take ring finger. Part 2 3 (~ 100 words) I was inspired after I watched the ten interesting experiments. Because the experiment in the video that was daily life. The materials used are readily available. I can see that science is in everywhere and everything. As long as often the attitude of learning, that we can easily learn more knowledge. For example we like to observe things around. We probably will find some little scientific theories and knowledge that usually impossible to noted by ourselves. So I, as a student studying Applied Science, should from now cultivate the habit of learning and observed that is very helpful of my studying. We will write a custom essay sample on English NLP of IVE or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Part C My Glossary (1) Vocabulary Skeletal Source Underline as appropriate Glossaries at Work/ English Central/ Google Search/ Wikipedia/ YouTube/ Others pls specify Online Examples A skeletal X-ray can help to locate the broken bone. My sentence The bones of the skeletal system act as attachment points for the skeletal muscles of the body. My Glossary (2) Vocabulary Bacterium Source Underline as appropriate Glossaries at Work/ English Central/ Google Search/ Wikipedia/ YouTube/ Others pls specify Online Examples Infection of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae would cause diarrhoea, vomiting and even death. My sentence The bacterium cell wall provides structural integrity to the cell. My Glossary (3) Vocabulary Disinfectant Source Underline as appropriate Glossaries at Work/ English Central/ Google Search/ Wikipedia/ YouTube/ Others pls specify Online Examples To be suitable for food environment application, a disinfectant must be odourless, of low toxicity, non corrosive and non-tainting. My sentence Disinfectants are substances which are capable of killing microorganisms. My Glossary (4) Vocabulary Ecosystem Source Underline as appropriate Glossaries at Work/ English Central/ Google Search/ Wikipedia/ YouTube/ Others pls specify Online Examples The rainforest is a self-supporting ecosystem with an abundance of trees and vegetation. My sentence Ecosystems use energy and cycle matter, and these processes also define the basic ecosystem functions. My Glossary (5) Vocabulary Species Source: Underline as appropriate Glossaries at Work/ English Central/ Google Search/ Wikipedia/ YouTube/ Others pls specify Online Examples There are about 2000 wild plant species in Hong Kong. My sentence A species is one of the basic units of a taxonomic rank and biological classification.

JFK STeel Mill Essay free essay sample

In his speech to the people of the United States of America, president Kennedy uses repetition and offers solutions with a very imperative tone to convey his opinion that steel companies are causing harm by making their prices higher. He continues to argue that in a rising industry, they are the cause of jobs being lost, and that because of them, the country will be further in debt. After catching the reader’s attention and undermining the steel corporation’s ideas, Kennedy solidifies his speech by using imperative syntax, which adds a sense of urgency to the situation. He constantly affirms the seriousness by using the word â€Å"necessary† and providing solutions to solve the problem. JFK states, â€Å"And it is necessary to stem it for our national security, if we are going to pay for out security communications abroad† (Kennedy). This quote shows that the country needs to take action over the steel industry for progress to come and for the country;s safety to be upheld. We will write a custom essay sample on JFK STeel Mill Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The repetition of â€Å"necessary† and his many quotes on protecting the nation reinforce his imperative tone throughout the speech, and shows the message of economic change and awareness that he pursues in this reply. Then, Kennedy uses the ethical appeal, which refers to the credibility, character and confidence of an author. There are many ways in which an author can create this appeal. During the time period in which it was written, cold war tensions were still lingering and Kennedy had just won the position as president in a very close election over an accomplished opponent. Therefore, just as this problem emerges, the nation is vulnerable and tense and has reached a turning point in history. Since he was elected president, the audience views him as an authoritative figure whose speech should be respected. Although Kennedy was young, he still faced critique on his tone and image, so it was expected of him to exhibit hope and compassion, while criticizing the steel industry. He continually opposes the actions of the steel industry in order to maintain his credibility, especially when he points out that, â€Å"The fact of the matter is that there is no justification for an increase in the steel prices. [ The Industry] was to achieve an agreement which would make unnecessary any increase in prices† (Kennedy). In stating this, JFK blatantly attacks the actions of the industry, making it plain to viewers and listeners that he was completely against this change in pricing. Also, throughout his speech, he presents and explains many quotes and statistics which prove the issues wrongfulness and prove the points he is maintaining. In doing these things, he establishes Ethical Appeal with his listeners and makes his speech much more trustworthy and agree-able. In conclusion, by establishing Ethical Appeal and pursuing an imperative tone through repetition, President John F. Kennedy created a powerful oratory protesting the rise in the prices of steel in the early 1960s. This speech was an efficient way to combat this terrible and harmful decision made by these companies, not only being able to protest the issue, but also accomplishing the unification of all Americans on a cause to end the rise in prices.

Consumers Warned of Online Payday Loan Sites

Consumers Warned of Online Payday Loan Sites As you look at the automated ads that surround this article, keep in mind that the Consumer Federation of America (CFA) has long advised consumers to exercise extreme caution when using internet payday loan web sites, where loans due by the next payday, can cost up to $30 per $100 borrowed and borrowers typically face annual interest rates (APRs) of 650%. According to a CFA survey of one hundred Internet payday loan sites, small loans involving electronic access to consumers checking accounts pose high risks to consumers who borrow money by transmitting personal financial information via the internet. Automatically Zapping Your Bank Account Internet payday loans cost up to $30 per $100 borrowed and must be repaid or refinanced by the borrowers next payday, said Jean Ann Fox, CFAs director of consumer protection. If payday is in two weeks, a $500 loan costs $150, and $650 will be electronically withdrawn from the borrowers checking account. Many surveyed lenders automatically renew loans by electronically withdrawing the finance charge from the consumers checking account every payday. If consumers fail to have enough money on deposit to cover the finance charge or repayment, both the payday lender and the bank will impose insufficient funds fees. Where Payday Loans Lurk Online payday loans are marketed through e-mail, online search, paid ads, and referrals. Typically, a consumer fills out an online application form or faxes a completed application that requests personal information, bank account numbers, Social Security Numbers and employer information. Borrowers fax copies of a check, a recent bank statement, and signed paperwork. The loan is direct deposited into the consumers checking account and loan payment or the finance charge is electronically withdrawn on the borrowers next payday. High Cost, High Risk Internet payday loans are dangerous for cash-strapped consumers, stated Ms. Fox. They combine the high costs and collection risks of check-based payday loans with security risks of sending bank account numbers and Social Security Numbers over web links to unknown lenders. CFAs survey of 100 Internet payday loan sites showed that loans from $200 to $2,500 were available, with $500 the most frequently offered. Finance charges ranged from $10 per $100 up to $30 per $100 borrowed. The most frequent rate was $25 per $100, or 650% annual interest rate (APR) if the loan is repaid in two weeks. Typically loans are due on the borrowers next payday which can be a shorter term. Only 38 sites disclosed the annual interest rates for loans prior to customers completing the application process, while 57 sites quoted the finance charge. The most frequently posted APR was 652%, followed by 780%. Although loans are due on the borrowers next payday, many surveyed sites automatically renew the loan, withdrawing the finance charge from the borrowers bank account and extending the loan for another pay cycle. Sixty-five of the surveyed sites permit loan renewals with no reduction in principal. At some lenders, consumers have to take additional steps to actually repay the loan. After several renewals, some lenders require borrowers to reduce the loan principal with each renewal. Contracts from Internet payday lenders include a range of one-sided terms, such as mandatory arbitration clauses, agreements not to participate in class action lawsuits, and agreements not to file for bankruptcy. Some lenders require applicants to agree to keep their bank accounts open until loans are repaid. Others ask for voluntary wage assignments even in states where wage assignments are not legal. CFA advises consumers not to borrow money based on giving a post-dated paper check or electronic access to a bank account as security. Payday loans are too expensive and too hard to repay on the next payday. CFA advises consumers never to transmit bank account numbers, Social Security numbers or other personal financial information via the Internet or by fax to unknown companies. Consumers should shop for lower cost credit, comparing both the dollar finance charge and the APR to get the lowest cost credit available. For help with financial problems, CFA urges consumers to seek credit counseling help or legal assistance.

Popular, but NOT Working Tips from Professional Resume Writing Services

Popular, but NOT Working Tips from Professional Resume Writing Services Popular, but NOT Working Tips from Professional Resume Writing Services When you want to get a new job, you know about your personal intentions and the exact reasons you want to work for a particular company. In an attempt to write a perfect resume, you many go ahead to check out tips provided online by professional resume writing services. While some of these tips may be awesome, some are quite harmful. Below is a list of some bad tips published by different resume writing services. Tip 1: Don’t Write an Objective Statement Employers do read your resume objective, and over and over again, they go through vague important issues like career objective. When you are attempting to build a career, or even if it’s a horizontal career change, you have to give employers something that focuses on their needs as well as on your own. Such as: A challenging marketing position that permits me to contribute my abilities and skills in fundraising for nonprofits. However, an objective statement may simply be a waste of valuable space, particularly if you’re applying to a PR firm as a PR rep. Tip 2: Highlighting Duties Its quite easy to slip into a mode where you basically list job duties in your resume. For instance: Attended group and recorded minutes; worked with kids in a daycare setting. Employers, however, care less about what youve done as much as what you achieved in your various activities. Theyre looking for statements like: Utilized laptop to record minutes of weekly meetings and assembled them in a Microsoft Word-based document for future reference. Developed three daily exercises for preschool-age kids and set them up for a 10-minute holiday program performance. Tip 3: Make It Simple Short Regardless of what you may read or hear, there are no genuine principles governing resume length because it will be read by individuals who have different preferences and expectations where resumes are concerned. That doesnt mean you should start sending out five-page resumes. You usually need to constrain yourself to a maximum of two pages. You may, however, use one page if it seems working. Alternately, in a bid to make your resume fit to an arbitrary one-page standard, dont cut the meat out of it. Tip 4: Highlight Your Most Relevant Experiences It’s absolutely wrong to state that â€Å"making your resume demonstrate you have only the specific skills, and achievements important to carry out the job, makes it simple for the hiring manager to see why you’re the right fit.† You might be surprised, but companies don’t hire resumes, they hire people. You don’t know whether HR manager wants to see you volunteering for an organization or being the students’ union president of your college. And while the hiring manager sees this in your fellow applicant, that fellow applicant gets the job ahead of you. Of course, it doesn’t mean you should list everything you have ever done in your life, but there is no point in deciding whether something you are proud of is relevant to the position you want to get. Tip 5: Do not Attempt a One–size–fits–all Approach It might be a rule of resume writing that you should send a different version for each job you apply to, tailored and targeted according to the position (a fallacious rule, though). Create a one-size-fits-all resume to send to all employers, rather than waste time separating your skillset. At the same time, spending extra minutes on developing a separate cover letter for different organizations is a really cool idea. In this cover letter, you can emphasize some of your skills making you the best choice for this position. Tip 6: Don’t Steal the Exact Wording of the Job Description Who says this If a company says it’s looking for applicants who â€Å"have a diverse knowledge of programming languages† and â€Å"learn rapidly,† it may be wise to find a way of paraphrasing it, however, it is wiser to sneak it in subtly. Don’t be shocked that some companies will use that as a keyword in screening applicants, especially if they are numerous. The myth behind resume writing is that nobody can express your own qualifications and enthusiasm for a job better than you.

Roman Civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Roman Civilization - Essay Example In addition, military leaders won considerable popularity among the people by their impressive victories and opposition to traditional senatorial government. The most telling examples of how an influential leader could ascend to the pinnacle of power, pushing into the background the other political institutions, are Marius with his 7 consulates, Sulla, eventually becoming a dictator, unlimited by time or by law; Crassus and Pompey, repeatedly achieving their consulate, and, finally, Caesar. The reform of the army, which became a fundamentally important aspect of Roman history started at about 107 BC during the war between Rome and the Numidian king Jugurtha. This war got a particularly scandalous publicity, since the enemy was so shamelessly bribing the senators that the decline of their authority led to the fact that the Roman army came under the command of Gaius Marius. To combat a powerful enemy for the first time in the history of Rome access to the army of volunteers was opened regardless of social class (the landless, impoverished city dwellers, etc.). Service in the army turned from an honorable duty into a profitable profession; soldiers received salary and were promised land. Organization of the army was improved (Marius introduced division of the legions to cohorts, each consisting of 3 maniples of 200 people), as well as command in general, technical equipment, etc. As a result, the Roman Republic got a well-organized professional army. On the other hand the army has turned into an independent social force with its own interests, needs and requirements. Military reform has laid the conditions for the extreme increase in power of individual military chiefs, as opposed to the weakening of central authorities, which lost the competence in military sphere, and along with it power functions: The acceptance into the army of persons who had few and eventually no roots in the State would have demoralizing consequences, and enable the generals of the first ce ntury to use their armies as though they were their own (Smith 63). Due to the elevation of individual political figures the inevitable structural changes took place in the state apparatus. In particular, a number of extraordinary and ordinary magistrates appeared which have received incomparable power. The role of a military leader increased manifold; and such leader was able to use the army as a weapon in the struggle for power in the state. As the first example of this we can consider the consulates of Gaius Marius, which were received in absentia, contrary to the republican tradition, almost continuously: in 107 and since 104 to 100 BC. Other examples include series of extraordinary powers given to Pompey since 78 to 52 BC, when he got an institutionalized by the Senate sole authority over the state. The anti-Senate forces, led by Caesar, Pompey and Crassus, known as the first triumvirate depended greatly on the army. Probably, the strongest influence of the army displayed itsel f in the civil war. The war that began in 49 BC was caused exclusively by the ambitions of the colonial emperor and his troops; though â€Å"Caesar stressed throughout the willingness of his troops to support his cause† (Keppie 103) it was not justified by any social or political programs. This was the conflict between the pretenders, each of whom found

Write a plan for a new music-related mobile application Assignment

Write a plan for a new music-related mobile application - Assignment Example We have seen applications that help in pitch correction, instruments tuning and mobile recording. In addition, the music fans are able to enjoy music at a greater extent. Technology has also made music to be more affordable for the music fans. One of the major contributors of music evolution is the mobile technology (Katz, 2010). This technology has brought conveniences to hundreds of millions of people. There is a great correlation between music, mobile technology and social media. This is a major source of revolution. Every day new software and applications are developed to enhance the music quality. Technology has therefore turned the people not only to just mere listeners, but music makers (Childs, 2011). Therefore technology and music will always co-exist. This paper is meant to discuss the possibility of creating a plan for a new music-related application. The Alpha Music Studio is one of the applications that are meant to bring a revolution in the music world. This is an application that helps to organize music and music albums. The application will be installed on any device that uses an android, Microsoft windows, and Apple windows among others. The application will be able to split a piece of music into different components. It will also help the listener to listen to different components of music. Some of these components include the instrumentals, sol-fa notes as well as the vocals. In addition, the application will able to split the vocals into different voices. The application will have a speech-to-text component that is able to convert the audio sound into visual lyrics. With all these uses I believe that the application will have a number of users that will take the music industry to the next level (Van, 2009). The application will have a number of targets. I believe it can be used by a number of people. The first group that is being

Google Core Values Essay Example for Free

Google Core Values Essay Google’s mission has always been â€Å"To organise the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful. † Google has intended to be the good guys of the corporate world. It sees great as not being an endpoint but a start point for new things. By the means of innovation which is its lifeblood, it aims to improve upon in unexpected ways. For example, when it saw that search worked well for properly spelled works, it also made the search easier for typos by introducing the spell checker. It also thrives on the motto of making money without doing evil. It follows honesty and integrity in the things it does. It does not allow ads to be displayed on results page if they are irrelevant. Advertising is also identified as â€Å"Sponsored Link†, so it does not compromise the integrity. Google supports a style of marketing called â€Å"marketing asset management† through which advertising resources and budget are constantly monitored. It wants advertising to be treated like an asset depending on market conditions. It never takes success for granted. Always thinks like an underdog and wants its employees to be humble with success. It aims at earning customer and user loyalty and also respect to maintain great products and services every day. It expects employees to honor commitments and enjoy each other’s company celebrating both professional and personal accomplishments. Sustainable long-term growth and profitability is the key to its success. It rides on doing things that matter and doing it efficiently. It focusses on doing one thing really, really well. Through continuous iteration on difficult problems it has been able to solve complex issues and provide continuous improvements to make finding information a fast and seamless experience for billions of people. It works towards providing people with access to information wherever they are and whenever they need it. Google’s goal is to reach as many people as possible on the Web- whether by PC or by phone. Hence globally Google held a dominant lead with 89 percent of the market share versus Yahoo’s 5 percent and MSN’s 3 percent.

The Evil Eye Essay -- essays research papers

The Evil Eye Edgar Allen Poe shows us the dark part of human kind. Conflict with in ones self, state of madness, and emotional break down all occur within this short story. The narrator of the story is a mad man that is haunted by his idea that the old man has an evil eye. Through the first person narrator, Edgar Allan Poe’s "The Tell-Tale Heart" illustrates how man’s imagination is capable of being so vivid that it profoundly affects people’s lives. The manifestation of the narrator’s imagination unconsciously plants seeds in his mind, and those seeds grow into an unmanageable situation for which there is no room for reason and which culminates in murder. The fixation on the old man’s vulture-like eye forces the narrator to concoct a plan to eliminate the old man. The narrator confesses the sole reason for killing the old man is his eye. The narrator begins his tale of betrayal by trying to convince the reader he is not insane, but the reader quickly surmises the narrator indeed is out of control. The fact that the old man’s eye is the only motivation to murder proves the narrator is so mentally unstable that he must search for justification to kill. In his mind, he rationalizes murder with his own unreasonable fear of the eye. The narrator wrestles with conflicting feelings of responsibility to the old man and feelings of ridding his life of the man’s "Evil Eye". Although afflicted with overriding fear and derangement, the narrator still acts wit...

The Gender of Power: Latin American Dictatorship

Throughout history men, women and children have been subject to harsh ruler-ship, generally under a patriarchal system. With the emergence of a female role in one of the most coveted dictator positions, one would ask the question: Is feminized power less ruthless? In Gabriel Garcia Marquez's â€Å"Big Mama's Funeral† we learn that although a female has stepped in to the office of a leader, her power is still abused and misused like any other. Latin American history has proven to be one of the most affluent in terms of poor utilization of wealth and power. We have also learned that man or woman can strive in the role of a leader, and that followers will pay mercilessly for the simple fact of living and being. Big Mama is the living proof that power is genderless. The lifestyle lead by a dictator as powerful as Big Mama herself is quite consuming regardless of her gender. The protection of her kingdom and her fortunes were her prime concerns, along with the assurance of her matriarchal rigidity. Her absolute power reigned over the kingdom, slaughtering any who opposed her and every person living within her kingdom had to pay their dues. Residents even believed Big Mama â€Å"was the owner of the waters, running and still†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , even the â€Å"air they breathed†. She was the richest and most powerful matron in the world, although no one knew the the exact value of her estate. She was considered by most of the inhabitants as immortal, to them, she was bigger than life itself. Her stern sovereignty was questioned by none. Her family consisted of brute and loyal soldiers who followed her every command without question. She had built a fence to further protect her and her possessions. The land which she occupied had been passed down from generation to generation. Big Mama had been â€Å"Macondo's center of gravity†, as had her brothers, her parents and the parents of her parents in the past, in a dominance â€Å"which covered two centuries.† She believed she would live well over a hundred years as did her maternal grandmother. The thought of provoking death in Big Mama was laid to rest as most of her tribe members were true believers in her. Although she was mean-spirited and relentless, she tried to uphold a very high-class and honourable image of herself, unlike many other crude rulers of her time. She was two-faced and and everyone knew it, though no one would ever approach her in fear of what she might do to them if she found out they knew. In troubled times, Big Mama contributed secretly for â€Å"weapons for her partisans†, but came to the aid of her victims in public. That patriotic zeal â€Å"guaranteed the highest honours for her.† Big Mama was a master of concealing her hostility and she was proud of the fact that she could. The power invested in a woman such as Big Mama could lead anyone to believe that authority, by man or woman could be ruthless. There is no way of determining whether one or the other could produce more or less wrath. This type of power could put anyone in their place and would terrify even the harshest of critics. Big Mama reigned over the city of Macondo with a cold heart and a tight grip. Her family members supported her every decision in belief it was in all of their best interests, they were true believers. Her self-image was was so god-like, she would never come to realization that every one who knew her in fact despised her.

3 Factors That Influence the Rate of Return Essay

Any bondholder, or any investor for that matter, will allow three factors to influence his or her required rate of return. The three factors are the following: real (pure) rate of return, inflation, and risk premium. These three factors equal the risk free rate which is the rate of return of an investment with no risk of financial loss. This is also the rate that investors would expect from an absolutely risk-free investment over a period of time. Inflation is the constant and progressive increase in the prices of goods and services. If the total rate of return was below the actual economic interest rates then this would cause the lender (investor) to pay the borrower for use of his or her funds. So instead of creating mass chaos in our economic system, the inflation premium of interest rates results from lenders compensating for expected inflation by pushing interest rates higher. An example that can derive from taking the inflation premium into account is that when inflation is high, or expected to decline, look for long-term fixed rate bonds to â€Å"lock in† high market values. The real rate of return and the inflation premium determine the risk free rate of return. As an example, if the real rate of return were 2 percent and the inflation premium 3 percent, then we can say that the risk free rate of return is 5 percent. The real rate of return is described by our Corporate Finance book as the financial â€Å"rent† the investor charges for using his or her funds for one year. For example, if you make a $10,000 investment that earns 8% in one year, you would end the year with $10,800. So, you earn an extra $800, however, if inflation is at 3% for the year, your $10,800 is only worth $10,500. Your real rate of return is only 5%. Investors depending on dividends or interest from bonds are most affected by the costs of inflation. Stocks can be a little safer because companies can pass the higher cost of inflation to customers. Lastly, the risk premium is the premium associated with the special risks of a given investment. In other words, is the risk you take on an investment worth the reward? The risk relates to a firm’s inability to meet its debt obligations as they come due. For example, bonds possess a contractual obligation for the firm to pay interest to bondholders; they are considered less risky that common stock where no such obligation occurs. Treasury Bonds are backed by the â€Å"full faith and credit† of the U.S. government, whereas stocks are not. If you earn a risk free return from bonds at 3%, that becomes your baseline. Now, if any investment with risk must return more than 5%. The amount the investment returns over 3%is known as the risk premium. For example, if you are looking at a stock with an expected return of 12%, the risk premium is 9%.

Crocodile Physics Essays - Electromagnetic Radiation, Free Essays

Crocodile Physics Essays - Electromagnetic Radiation, Free Essays Crocodile Physics Crocodile Physics Crocodile Physics is like a well-stocked physics lab where you can experiment to your hearts content. Covering many syllabus topics, here is the hardware flattened for the small screen. There are masses, trolleys, lenses and electronic components to assemble, experiment and take measurements with. You can swing pendulums, change gravity, change angle of ramps to learn about forces. Excellent are the optics tools which let you split light into its colours with a prism and see how fibre optics transmit light. A section on eye defects, where you increase the focal length of a spectacle lens and see what that does to the light rays will make an awesome teaching tool. Though it comes with worksheets, those with time to spare can use it to create impressive interactive tutorials. Crocodile Physics has been developed from Crocodile Clips 3, the acclaimed High School Physics simulator used in over 35 countries and recommended by governments worldwide. It's a simulator for Middle and High school and college physics courses. Crocodile Physics includes a powerful optics simulator, with a range of components including lenses, prisms, mirrors and light sources.You can set the wavelength of the light being emitted from your source, and choose parallel beams, diverging beams or rays. You can also set the dimensions of the source. Crocodile Physics contains a full range of electrical components. Every school subject area is covered: from the basic batteries, bulbs and switches - which are also given in pictorial form, to help understanding of the first principles - to more advanced logic gates, integrated circuits and semiconductors. A vast component library gives you the freedom to experiment in a way that suits your teaching, and allows interested students to explore the subject more deeply. One of the key features which marks Crocodile Physics out from other teaching software is the Integrated Multimedia Editor. This allows you to alter our activities to suit your needs, or to write your own from scratch. The simulation is mathematically accurate, allowing you to test designs and explore the laws of Physics. Most component values can be changed at will. Crocodile Physics comes complete with over 100 interactive on-screen lessons, covering a range of subjects in electricity, electronics, optics, mechanics, dynamics and sound. They combine full simulation with information, questions and answers. It's easy to integrate them into Bibliography Not available

I Before E, Except After C

I Before E, Except After C I Before E, Except After C I Before E, Except After C By Maeve Maddox I’ve read that the spelling mnemonic â€Å"I before E except after C† is a useless rule â€Å"best forgotten.† I beg to differ. English vocabulary abounds with words borrowed from other languages, along with foreign spelling conventions. Any spelling rule we can come up with is certain to have exceptions. Nevertheless, spelling rules are worth learning because they provide a framework that makes the exceptions stand out. The â€Å"I before E† rule may not be perfect, but it is extremely useful. First, the â€Å"I before E† mnemonic in its entirety: I before E, Except after C, And when sounded like A As in neighbor and weigh. Let’s see how far this rule will take us with common words. I before E achieve believe belief brief chief die field fierce friend lie lingerie niece pie piece pierce prairie priest siege Except after C ceiling conceit conceive deceive receipt receive perceive And when sounded like A, as in neighbor and weigh heir neighbor reign rein skein surveillance their veil vein weigh Note: The words their and heir can be learned with this list. For one thing, the learner can associate their with they, which is pronounced with long a. For another, their is one of those high-frequency words that anyone who reads and writes at all should be able to master by completion of second grade. Heir can be learned with the mnemonic device of a â€Å"spelling pronunciation† that addresses the silent h as well as the ei spelling. Exceptions to the Rule caffeine counterfeit either forfeit foreign heifer leisure neither sovereign seized weird This list of 46 words is by no means exhaustive, but it’s a fair gauge of how far the old jingle can take you in spelling the ie/ei words you are most likely to want to write. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:35 Synonyms for â€Å"Look†Capitalization Rules for Names of Historical Periods and Movements7 Other Types of Pronouns

Endocrinology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Endocrinology - Essay Example These are synthesized in the same cells. However, once secreted they interact with four adrenergic receptors such as 1, 2, 1, 2, and 3 that mediate the cellular effects of the hormones. Stress the predominant stimulus that leads to secretion of these hormones. More accurately stimuli such as injury, anger, pain, cold, strenuous exercise, and hypoglycemia as a result of stress response generate sympathetic impulses in the cholinergic preganglionic fibers that provides the neural impetus to the chromaffin cells, and this ultimately culminates into the release of catecholamines. Biochemically, however, catecholamines stimulate glucose production in the liver, lipolysis in the adipose tissue, and promotes anaerobic metabolism in the muscles leading to lactate production. Whereas, the adrenal medulla responds to predominantly neural stimuli, the outer adrenal cortex that literally encapsulates the medulla and forms the bulk of the gland, responds only to endocrine stimulation and releases a number of hormones which have steroid structures chemically. These hormones are glucocorticoids, aldosterone, and adrenal androgens. The cells of the three zones secrete different steroid hormones: the cells of the zona glomerulosa secrete the mineralocorticoids; those of the zona fasciculata secrete glucocorticoids, while the cells of the zona reticularis secrete sex steroids or androgens (Brook, C., and Marshall, N. 2001). Figure 1: Adrenal Cortex and Medulla Adrenal Cortex: Glucocorticoids act to counteract many effects of stress throughout the body. Stress is difficult to define, but it is known that it includes physical trauma, intense heat or cold, infections, mental or emotional trauma. The effects of glucocorticoids at the tissue level in order to neutralize the effects of stress include cardiovascular, neurological, and anti-inflammatory effects as well as effects on the immune system. Cortisol level responds within minutes to stress, whether it is physical such as trauma, surgery, or exercise; psychological such as anxiety and depression, or physiological hypoglycaemia or fever. The protective effect that glucocorticoids confer at the time of stress would be evident in the observed fact that such stresses may cause hypotension, shock, and death when there is glucocorticoid deficiency. The overall actions of glucocorticoids are directed at enhancing the production of glucose that can be readily utilised in the body to produce energ y and at the same time they reduce all other metabolic activities not directly involved in that process. Physiologic effects of glucocorticoids include regulation of protein, carbohydrate, lipid, and nucleic acid metabolism. These antagonize the secretion and action of insulin and raise blood sugar levels. At the same time, these also inhibit peripheral glucose uptake. This promotes hepatic glycogen content through hepatic glucose synthesis or gluconeogenesis (Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L., and Stryer, L., 2002). Taking the example of exercise as a stress initiating event, as the epinephrine and nor epinephrine are released as a sympathetic response, the concomitant glucocorticoid release makes sure that the increased metabolic rate of exercise can

Marketing Research on Micro Beer Inc Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing on Micro Beer Inc - Research Paper Example A research problem is frequently regarded as the nucleus of any study report. A research process is practically impossible to carry out without any proper definition about the problem of the research. The process of identifying a research problem starts with the proper recognition of the objective of the study. After the research problem has been identified, the next step is to translate it into a research hypothesis. Thus a research hypothesis is defined as the logical guess that provides a possible outcome of the study. A research problem is also considered as the most important as well as the foundation stage for any research study. In other words it acts as the basis of the study i.e. based on which the study is conducted. Now in the context of the project the problem which has been highlighted in the case is to determine whether the company Micro Beer can actually capitalize on the opportunity of importing and distributing the fine Belgian beer in the market of Naples, where the product is not sold. Hence the primary requirement which has been assessed according to the project is to portray the demand of Belgian beers in the adjacent areas of Naples.

Socrates said,The unexamined life is not worth living What did he mean Essay

Socrates said,The unexamined life is not worth living What did he mean - Essay Example 2). In Billy Eliot, the main character, Billy seems to live an unexamined life in terms of manifesting ambivalence in pursuing his dream. With his father restricting him to become a ballet dancer, his life exemplifies that led by Socrates: being prevented from exploring and maximizing his potentials to make it worth living. Again, from the film, one character that definitely examined her life and regarded it then as worth living was Mrs. Wilkinson, the ballet teacher. Her character was determined and strong as she knew that teaching ballet was the career for her. Likewise, she recognized the predicament that Billy was in and was therefore determined to give her support to make Billy realize the need to examine his life in terms of pursuing what he really wants and not what his father wants for him. Works Cited Mathoda.com. Philosophers are wrong to state the unexamined life is not worth living. 27 April 2008. Web. 30 June 2011 .

Multipath Fading Channels And Transmitted Signals Computer Science Essay

Multipath Fading Channels And Transmitted Signals Computer Science Essay Multipath fading is a phenomenon of fading of transmitted signals due to refraction, reflection and diffraction from objects or obstacles present in the line or way of transmission. In this article, we have be realized an example of multipath fading channels such as in case of Rayleigh fading channels using MATLAB and would be analysing the variations incurred after varying system parameters such as samples per second and Doppler shift of the respective blocks of the Rayleigh fading system. Also, here screen shots of the respective variations have been provided for clear understanding of induced variations. 1. Introduction As mentioned earlier as well, multipath fading is the occurrence of fading of transmitted signals by refraction, reflection and diffraction due to obstacles present in the line or path of transmission and channels affected due to this type of fading are called multipath fading channels. Rayleigh fading is nothing but the statistical model that communication engineers use to study the characteristics propagation of radio signals, in case of wireless propagation channels. In general, Rayleigh fading model is used for studying ionospheric and tropospheric signals propagation and such that the signals are transmitted in a widespread manner i.e. they are transmitted in form of concentric rings throughout the atmosphere. Thus, these are not used to study the fading that occurs in line of sight propagation (for that Rician is preferred over it). The Rayleigh fading channel can be used to study fading characteristics such as in cases of densely populated cities with a large number of skyscrapers (such as Central London and NYC). The central limit theorem limits this concept such that the amount of scatter can be considered as a function of irrespective of individual function of Gaussian distribution. The impulse response can be modelled a random function varying from 0 to 2pie [1]. The probability distribution function R(of Rayleigh fading) can be given as; Where, ÃŽÂ © =  E(R2). [1] As mentioned in abstract that we would be varying the Doppler shift in case of Rayleigh fading and will be explaining the observed variations in the generated output, its better to have an understanding of what Doppler shift actually means as well for better understanding of concepts. Doppler effect (or Doppler shift) can be described as the increase or decrease in Doppler frequency in case of a moving object (for e.g. the Doppler frequency increases when the object is moving towards the stationary or moving object and vice versa for moving away from the desired moving or stationary object). The mathematical expression for Doppler frequency can be given as; f = left( frac{v + v_r}{v + v_{s}} right) f_0 , Where Vr is the velocity of receiver relative to the medium and Vs is the velocity of source relative to the medium and V is the velocity of waves in the medium [2]. Also, Doppler power spectral density which is also an important parameter of Rayleigh fading is the measure of spectral broadening caused in the waveform characteristics of the transmitted signal (such that the received signals appears to be faded and broadened as compared to the actual signal sent). The mathematical expression for Doppler power spectral density can be shown as [3]; S(nu) = frac{1}{pi f_d sqrt{1 left(frac{nu}{f_d}right)^2}} Realization of Rayleigh fading using MATLAB A sample program of Rayleigh fading can be accessed in MATLAB 2010a by typing the command doc_qpsk_rayleigh_derotated in the command window. The MATLAB operator gives us a block diagram of the Rayleigh fading. It consists of a Bernoulli binary sequence generator, two QPSKs, one error rate calculator, one Rayleigh fading block (where adjustments regarding Doppler shift can be made), one phase removal of path gain block and in the end an AWGN block for simulation of faded signal (4). The screenshot of block diagram for Rayleigh fading had been shown below; Figure 1. MATLAB screenshot of the block diagram for simulating the Rayleigh fading 2.1 Simulation with basic values of Doppler shift and sample rate The simulation results into three possible outputs. These are transmitter output, Rayleigh channel output with no phase component and Rayleigh noisy channel output with no phase component. These outputs for sample simulation with bit sample rate/sec of 100logbase2 (M) and maximum Doppler shift of 1000 hertz is shown below. The screenshots of respective output of QPSK modulator output, Rayleigh channel output and noisy Rayleigh channel output has been shown below; Figure 2.screenshot of MATLAB simulated QPSK modulator output for Rayleigh fading Figure 3.screenshot of Rayleigh channel output for Rayleigh fading (simulated using MATLAB) Figure 4.screenshot of the noisy Rayleigh channel output for Rayleigh fading (simulated using MATLAB) 2.2. Simulation with changed values of Doppler shift and sample rate In the second simulation i have changed the values in Doppler shift and sample rate per second. The Doppler shift can be changed by changing masking parameters in the Rayleigh fading channel. Here, in this simulation I have kept the Doppler shift to 10000Hz while in previous case it was 1000Hz. Also, in Bernoulli bit sequence generator the value of samples per second had been changed to 1000logbase2 (M). The observed variations have been shown below. Figure 5. QPSK modulator output of the Rayleigh fading (simulated using MATLAB) Figure 6. Rayleigh channel output for the Rayleigh fading (simulated using MATLAB). Figure 7. Noisy Rayleigh channel output for Rayleigh fading (simulation using MATLAB) 2.3. Explanation of the observed variations It can be seen that in first case the outputs (amplitude) of QPSK modulator lies in the range of -1 to 0 and 0 to +1 while it varies from -2 to 0 and 0 to +2 which obviously should be observable as the samples per second gets increased from 1000 to 10000 samples per second. However, as the Doppler shift is increased the fading becomes more visible in case of the Rayleigh fading and noisy Rayleigh fading channels. The explanation can be given using Jakes model which relates the Doppler shift and Rayleigh fading. Jakes model relates the Rayleigh fading for kth wave to Doppler shift in following manner; R(t,k) = 2sqrt{2}left[sum_{n=1}^{M}left(cos{beta_n} + jsin{beta_n}right)cos{left(2 pi f_n t + theta_{n,k}right)} + frac{1}{sqrt{2}}left(cos{alpha} + jsin{alpha}right)cos{2 pi f_d t}right] Also, fn=fd(cosa) [5] Hence, it can be said that the amount of Rayleigh fading is directly proportional to the cosine of Doppler shift experienced by the transmitted wave. Also, worth mentioning over here is that is cosine decreases from 0 to increasing values of angle. It can be also seen that from expression mentioned above for power spectral density for Doppler shift that if the Doppler shift is increased the corresponding power spectral density is also increased. Thus, the results shown in the screenshots are explained and justified and it can be said that with the increase of Doppler shift the transmitted waves the Rayleigh fading is increased and so is the power spectral density related to it. Conclusion Rayleigh fading is an important phenomenon used to explain multipath fading in case of the dense populated areas. Rayleigh fading affects a transmitted signal by making broadened and faded in nature and it also does effects its power spectral density in a big way. Also, with increase in Doppler shift the Rayleigh is increased as well. In this setup, channel distortion parameters such as gain and phase are defined as a complex number consisting of real and imaginary parts. Thus, Rayleigh fading can be said to be composed of two paths (real and imaginary) and can be considered as independent paths which can be added in order to get net magnitude of Rayleigh fading occurred in the transmission [6]. To counter the effects of Rayleigh fading a number of techniques were used in the past but the most common one used these days is using a White Gaussian simulator for maintaining bearable effects of Rayleigh fading. This had been shown in the block diagram shown above. References Proakis John. G (1995).  Digital Communications  (3rd Ed.). Singapore: McGraw-Hill Book Co. pp.  767-768.  ISBN  0-07-113814-5 Rosen, Joe; Gothard, Quinn Lisa (2009). Encyclopedia of Physical Science. Infobase Publishing. p. 155. ISBN 0-816-07011-3., available on page 155 Clarke.H.R. (July-August 1968). A Statistical Theory of Mobile Radio Reception. Bell Systems Technical Journal, page number 957-1000 Arsal. A, Ozen. S(2008), A Rayleigh fading  ¬Ã‚ lter design for multipath Rayleigh fading simulation and comparisons to other simulators Jakes. C. Williams, Editor (February 1, 1975). Microwave Mobile Communications. New York: John Wiley Sons Inc. ISBN 0-471-43720-4. Proakis John. G (1995).  Digital Communications  (3rd Ed.). Singapore: McGraw-Hill Book Co. pp.  767-768.  ISBN  0-07-113814-5 Spread Spectrum Models Abstract Spread spectrum is a statistical modulation technique that is been used for increasing the available channel bandwidth. In this article we have focussed on the one the spread spectrum models i.e. two users real spreading with BPSK modulation using MATLAB. Also, a brief study of variations and the explanation of such observations are made in this article. Here, Ill be varying the SNR value of the AWGN block in the given block diagram for the spread spectrum model and would be observing and explaining the variations occurred. 1. Introduction Spread spectrum modulation is a type of modulation in which we intentionally increase the available bandwidth in frequency domain i.e. we stretch the available bandwidth. This leads to a broadened or widened signal for with increased bandwidth. This is generally done to increase bandwidth for signals that require more bandwidth for transmission (it has an effect similar to aliasing but the difference we take anti-aliasing measures against the later). The system models that use such spread spectrum techniques are called spread spectrum models. Two user model for real spreading with BPSK modulation basically utilizes two different orthogonal codes for spreading of the codes. The process of spreading is independent in nature i.e. a different pn sequence for each of the two users. This model uses the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing access technology (OFDM) for communication between the two users simultaneously. In this scheme, there are a large number of orthogonal sub carriers separated by a very small distance. The data is then divided into small but same sized chunks and then are loaded (modulated) on these orthogonal sub carriers through multiple paths [1]. The subcarriers then can use any of the conventional technologies for modulating these data packets (such as QAM or PSK) for transmission over the channel. Also, the symbol rates for individual data packets are maintained such that those comparable to its conventional counterparts. However, OFDM is more popular with wireless systems. 2.1. Realization of spread spectrum model using MATLAB Two user orthogonal real fading with BPSK can be realized in MATALAB by typing commspreading_orthobpsk2u in the MATLAB command video. The result shown on the MATLAB simulation window is a block diagram of two user real spreading with BPSK. The screenshot of this has been shown below; Figure 1- Two-user orthogonal real spreading with BPSK modulation (simulated in MATLAB) As shown in the block diagram here the system setup can be broadly classified into three sections. These are transmitter section, the channel and then receiver section. Receiver section is further extended into one more section known as error calculation section. Let us have a brief look into each of the sections mentioned above. 2.1.1 Transmitter section The transmitter section is responsible for transmitting signals to receiver section via channel section of the system setup. Transmitter section is basically made up 5 major components, these are Random integer (signal generator), real BPSK modulator, Hadamard code generator, normalized gain and spreader blocks. Random integer block is used for the generation of signals that could be used for sending over the channel. These signals are then BPSK modulated where it is also mixed with the actual user signals and sent to spreader section. The sequence generated is of 64 bits length. Then on the lower side of the transmitter contains Hadamard code generator which generates unique Hadamard codes for the signals encryption and security to protect it from hacking and noise addition over the channel. The gain of the Hadamard code is then normalized and mixed with the BPSK modulated signal in the spreader section. The spreader is responsible for the deliberate spreading of signals in the frequency domain to increase the bandwidth of transmitted signal. 2.1.2. Channel section Channel section here refers to actual channel or medium through which transmission is done. But here its not wireless as it is an experimental setup. This section here contains AWGN correction blocks. These are responsible for deciding SNR values for the transmitted signals as to gain knowledge about the actual signal transmission through wireless medium. Here, a person can set values of SNR such that to determine the low and high noise environment and the results of these variations of the error rate at receiver section. 2.1.3. Receiver section The receiver section is responsible for the reception, decryption, de-spreading and calculation of error rate in the received signals after travelling through the physical medium. The process carried out here is just opposite as of transmitter section of the setup. The received signal is first sent to de-spreader for removing the spreading done in transmitter section. The integrator and dump section is used to detect or separate out RZ and NRZ parts of bit sequence [3]. Then the sequence is sent to demodulating BPSK section and then to error rate determination section for error rate estimation. 2.2. Effects of Variations in SNR on the Error rate The effects of variations of SNR on the error rate have been summarized below. The table below shows the variations in values of SNR and the corresponding changes in error rate i.e. eRx/Rx (number of erroneous bits transferred /total bits received [2]) with de-spreading. Also, worth mentioning here is that the time period for which the simulation is carried by the system is set to 0.125 seconds in this sample spread spectrum modulation. The table is as under; Figure 2. Table above depicts the effect of variation of SNR on the error rate of the system setup explained above (all values are realized in MATLAB and written down in the table) The table above shows that with increasing values of signal to noise ratio the value of bit error rate is reduced. But it is different in first two readings for receiver1 and receiver2 while it ends out to be zero for SNR value 100 dB for all of the values simulated in a time defined range of 0.125 seconds. This pretty understandable that the dispreading used is here is of ideal nature thus the value of erroneous bits goes down as value of SNR increases. The difference in the error rates between the first two readings of receiver1 and receiver2 is pretty understandable as the two different signals have different error rates when they are transmitted through two different Hadamard codes (i.e. initial seed for first receiver was set to 37 and for second it was set 631). 3. Conclusion Two user orthogonal real fading with BPSK modulation is used as an experimental to study the characteristics of spread spectrum. The OFDMA as we know splits the large data into small equally sized fragments and transmits it through multiple paths thus is also affected by multipath fading. This particularly affects wireless channels even makes is even more difficult to maintain SNR and low error rates. To counter the effects AWGN simulator is used such that the effects of multipath fading are neutralized. The observations made with this system setup prove that value of SNR affects the error rate percentage in the transmission. As the value of SNR is increased the value of error rate goes down and vice versa for a lower value of SNR. References 1. Robertson. P; Kaiser .S; The effects of Doppler spreads in OFDM(A) mobile radio systems, Vehicular Technology Conference, 1999. VTC 1999 Fall. IEEE VTS 2. Shah .Gaurav ; Molina. Andres ; Blaze. Matt (2006); Keyboards and Covert Channels 3. Sadr, R.; Hurd, W. J.; The Telecommunications and Data Acquisition Report, page 158-173 (ISBN N88-12679 04-32) 4. Aurthur. Ross (1997); CA Patent 2228131; data available on http://www.mathworks.com/products/commblockset/demos.html?file=/products/demos/shipping/commblks/commspreading_m.html#1 5. MATLAB code available at http://www.mathworks.com/products/commblockset/demos.html?file=/products/demos/shipping/commblks/commspreading_m.html#1 IEEE 802.11 WLAN Abstract IEEE 802.11 is the standard adopted by IEEE for design of wireless network systems. Here, in this article a sample simulation of 802.11 standard is done using MATLAB and Simulink. Also, a brief description of operation and functional characteristics of blocks (i.e. components) used for attaining and maintaining wireless networks have been made. Also, certain parameters of WLAN system setup are varied to make a brief study of changes that incur in the system due to these variations. 1. Introduction Secure, dependable and fast wireless systems have become a need of current growing world that touches everyone ranging from individuals to large organizations. Wireless networks are needed for small private area networks such as Bluetooth and Ad Hoc and large networks for wider network coverage such as 3G and 4G networks are currently being employed for providing internet and communication services to people with mobility. The WLAN 802.11 standard is used for wireless communication networks in 2.4, 3.6 and 5 GHz frequency bands [1]. There is a complete family of 802.11 which uses a number of over the air modulation techniques for transmission and reception of signals. There a number of versions launched by IEEE under the name of 802.11, this includes 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g and 802.11n. The most frequently employed among these are 802.11b and 802.11g. The data to be transmitted is first broken in small and equally sized packets and then modulated and transmitted on multiple channels (through different paths) to the destination. Thus, it uses OFDMA access for setting up communication. 802.11 standard has a complete frame stack for secure and dependable communication. These include certain frames for controlling and maintaining the wireless connection among wirelessly connected hosts. These are Protocol version, Type, Sub type, ToDS and FromDS, More fragment, Retry, Power management, More data and WEP [2]. All these play important part in setting, maintaining, controlling and releasing the wireless connection among a number of wirelessly connected hosts on 802.11 system. Below is shown a sample example of how 802.11 WLAN standard system looks like. Figure 1. The Linksys WRT54G contains an 802.11b/g radio with two antennas [3]. 2.1. Realization of IEEE 802.11 WLAN standard in MATLAB A sample MATLAB program for IEEE 802.11 WLAN can be realized in MATLAB by typing the same in help command box of the MATLAB. The output shows an experimental setup containing block diagram of the IEEE 802.11 WLAN system. This has been shown below. Figure 2- The screenshot above shows the block diagram of the sample IEEE 802.11 WLAN standard simulated in MATLAB The block diagram broadly contains variable-rate data source, BPSK modulator and demodulator, OFDM symbol generation block and disassemble OFDM frame block, multipath channel and a packet error calculation block. Also, the signal visualization block for opening the signal characteristics of such setup. These signals characteristics are shown below. Figure 3-The signals transmission and receiver characteristics of the 802.11 system setup using sample settings (simulated in MATLAB) 2.2. Operations and working of the Block diagram The signal characteristics can be visualized in the above screenshot. The transmitted data consists of a binary stream of data send with OFDMA modulation. In this model shown above the variable rate data source is used to generate a binary string of variable data rates which could be considered as similar to the real life scenario as data rates vary with time and need of the users. This binary string is then BPSK modulated using BPSK modulator which is the case with OFDMA as it uses any other general modulation technique for the modulation of signals and then OFDMA codes are added to it. The signals are now undergo a number of alterations before reaching the multipath channels. These include adding a cyclic code to the signals and going through IFFT which is inverse fast Fourier transform to the signal. The signals are then sent through multiple paths which is the case with the OFDMA. This completes transmitter section. After all these processes the signal enters the receiver section of the WLAN. The signals go through cyclic code removal block and then FFT or fast Fourier transform block to anti the effects of IFFT. Then signals are equalised in frequency domain as these get disturbed in frequency domain as shown in the figure 2 signal equalization. The disassemble OFDM block takes off the OFDM codes from the signals and then the signals is demodulated using a BPSK demodulator after which the signal output is sent to the error collection block where the original and received signals are compared to get error rate in the transmission. Also, one more output wire goes to adaptive modulation control block where the degree of modulation is controlled according to the bit error rate achieved by the system. Also, the value of SNR is varied according to the values entered in the stack. This also changes the adaptive modulation control. 2.3. Effects of variations in certain parameters of IEEE 802.11 WLAN setup The effects of inducing variations in certain parameters such as SNR or hysteresis are visible in the transmission characteristics of the block diagram shown below. These values are achieved after changing the value of hysteresis value for adaptive modulation to 10dB from 3dB and lower SNR threshold values to [10 11 14 18 22 24 26 32] decibels from earlier value of [10 11 14 18 24 26] decibels. It can be seen from the two figures 3 and 4 that the unequalized signal spreads out more. Also, the per i.e. packet error rate is increased from 6% to 12%. This due to increased hysteresis for adaptive modulation control. Conclusion The IEEE 802.11 standard for wireless LAN is used as a standard for setting up the wireless network for communication of multiple numbers of hosts. Also, in this sample simulation we concluded that with varying values of SNR and hysteresis the BER and PER also changes. Thus, it can be also concluded that data rates and packet loss rates are also variable at variable places in the parts of networks. This due to different distances, landscapes and congestion is different for different areas as the signal transmission follows multiple paths for transmission and every single path has a different type of obstacles available. Also, the system is greatly affected by noise present in free space. The reception quality always decreases with increase in distance between the service provider and host.

Essay on Setting in Poes The Masque (Mask) of the Red Death :: Mask Masque Red Death Essays

Use of Setting in The Masque of the Red Death  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "...In the black chamber the effect of the fire-light that streamed upon the black hangings through the blood-tinted panes was ghastly in the extreme, and produced so wild a look upon the countenances of those who entered, that there were few of the company bold enough to set foot within its precincts at all" (210). This quote serves to demonstrates Edgar Allan Poe's descriptive abilities. In "The Masque of the Red Death" Poe gives much detail about the setting. Poe uses detail about the setting to make the story believable, to add irony to the story, and to create an atmosphere appropriate for the appearance of the "Red Death."    In retrospect, "The Masque of the Red Death" is not a vary believable story. However, Poe's description of the setting presents the reader with such a realistic image of the scene that the reader cannot help but believe the story when first it is first read. The reader is manipulated by the author into believing that the story could actually be true. Poe accomplishes this manipulation by describing the setting in great detail. Seemingly half of the story is setting, rather than actual action. Poe begins with description of the 'Red Death,' proceeds to describe the 'castellated abbey,' and finally the 'imperial suit.' By paying such close attention to detail, the author has created a believable image in the mind of the reader. The creation of such believable aspects of the story is important. Within this believable image, the unbelievable arrival of the masked figure (the "Red Death") gains credibility. Without such believable aspects, the arrival of such a presence would not be credible.    Poe uses setting to create irony in the story. The description of the castellated abbey includes the facts that, "a strong and lofty wall girdled it," and that the gates had been welded shut (209). Both the high wall and the welded gates were intended to keep the Red Death out of the castle, when, ironically, they actually trapped it inside. Poe leaves clues to the reader that this may occur. He includes the statement that the welded gates prevent "egress" as well as "ingress." Furthermore, a girdle is typically used to hold something in, rather than keep something out.

French Rev

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION PAST YEAR ESSAY QUESTIONS No. | PAPER| ESSAY QUESTION| 1| O/N 2001| Why did Louis XVI fail to satisfy the demands of the revolutionaries in France during the period 1789-1793? | 2| M/J 2002| Why did the French revolution become increasingly radical during the years 1789-94? | 3| O/N 2003| Which of the grievances of the Third Estate in France in 1789 were the most important? Explain your answer. | 4| O/N 2004| How far and why did the aims of revolutionaries in France change during the period from 1789 to 1793? 5| O/N 2005| Why during the period 1789 to 1793 did Louis XVI fail to satisfy the demands of the French revolutionaries? | 6| M/J 2006| From 1789 to 1799, who posed the more dangerous threats to the French Revolution: its internal or its external enemies? | 7| M/J 2007| Why did Louis XVI’s policies from 1789 fail to prevent his execution in 1793? | 8| O/N 2008| Why did the French ancien regime collapse in 1789? | 9| 0/N 2009/(11)| ‘The economic difficulties of France in 1789 were more serious than the political problems. How far do you agree with this judgement? | 10| O/N 2009/(12)| How far, and why, did the aims of the revolutionaries in France change during the period from 1789 to the execution of Louis XVI in 1793? | 11| M/J 2010/ (13)| ‘The most important problem of the French ancient regime was poor quality leadership. ’ How far do you agree with this judgement? | 12| O/N 2010/ (11)| Why did the rulers of France from 1789 to 1799 fail to hold on power? 13| O/N 2010/ (13)| Why did the summoning of the Estate-General in 1789 not solve the problems of the ancient regime? | 14| M/J 2011/(11)| Why was Louis XVI executed in 1793? | 15| M/J 2011/ (13)| Did Robespierre and the Jacobins do more to save or to endanger the French Revolution? | 16| O/N 2011/ (12)| Explain the rise and fall of the Jacobins in France during the period from 1789 to 1794. | 17| O/N 2011/ (13)| Why were the attempts to reform the ancient regime in France up to 1789 unsuccessful? |

Education-Benchmark Assessment Essay

Several theories explain the concept of Early Childhood Education (ECE). Deiner (2013) describes that all of them share the same opinion that an early childhood educator is extremely essential in the development of a child’s intellectual and educational abilities. It is also commonly agreeable among the theories that the early childhood education can have a great impact in the life of an individual since education is progressive, and each stage leads to a higher one. However, there are some contradictions in the theories, which regard to some aspects of ECE. For instance, some studies feel that the intellectual development depends on the genes of the child as acquired from the parents. Other studies hold a different opinion, that the environment plays a great role in ECE. Some assert that both the environment and the biological play a great role in early childhood development. This study is based on the fact that the educator is part of the environment in which the child is subjected to, and all children can learn. The educator has several roles that make them have a great impact on a child. An early childhood educator has the responsibility to ensure that a child gains as much knowledge as possible depending on the level of the child, where the level is to a large extent determined by the age of the child. A child spends most of the waking time with the educator. There are differences presented by the various personalities of children. As a result, each child should be treated differently from the other by the educator. As a result, the educator needs to have sufficient knowledge on how to  understand each child, so that each child gains maximally. The educator defines the environment in which a child lives in school. It is agreeable that children have some common interests. For instance, most studies point out that using objects in educating children in grade three or lower can have on enhancing their knowledge by having them relate to things they frequently use. This means that the environment needs to have various objects and pictorial presentations for more effective learning. There are other considerations that the educator needs to be aware of, such as ensuring that the relationship among students themselves and between the educator and children is supportive to the education to be acquired. An early childhood educator deals with children who might not be much exposed, and they are open to what they are learn. It is clear from this essential role of educators that they should be having some personal characteristics. Grotewell & Burton (2008) explains that one of them is that the educator should be role model to the children. In addition, the educator should maintain a healthy lifestyle since children are much vulnerable to communicable illnesses. The use of clear communication is also relevant, not only to convey information to the children, but also because it can affect the children’s communication skills as well. Moreover, the educator needs to work closely with the children, their parents and the fellow educators so that they can learn more about each child. This means that sometimes they are involved in settling conflicts between the children and families. The role as the professional in the teaching and learning of children is achieved through several ways. One of them is by the educators developing and implementing programs that are designed to meet the children’s physical, intellectual, social, emotional, developmental and cultural needs and interests. The programs are basically considerate on a play environment. The programs also consider the age of the children. The educator can improvise some of the equipment that can be needed by the children. Secondly, the role can be attained by building the children’s interpersonal and social skills. Positive self-concept can also be achieved by having the educator  establishing positive guidelines that let the children to feel comfortable, safe and secure. Third, as aforementioned, constant communication with the other stakeholders in ECE, mostly the parents, should be considered. Forth, activities that actively involve the children ensure that the children gain maximally. Such activities could include outdoor play, various play experiences, snacks and meals as well as field trips (Deiner, 2013). The child educator also plays a role as an advocate on behalf of children. The educator is expected to understand children in general. Sometimes, children can be presented by challenges that they cannot easily express verbally to the relevant authorities. This means that they can suffer silently over issues such as domestic violence, bullying and lack of basic commodities. The educator has sufficient knowledge to realize a child who is having some pressing issues. Some children can gain the confidence and trust to open up to the educator, virtues that the educator should possess. The educator could as a result gain information that could not be realized by the parents and other people close to the children. Bhavya (2007) feels that children might not be sure on how to approach these issues. Some may be living in fear of exposing how they feel. However, the educator is in a better position to assist. For instance, the educator can ensure that the bullies in the educational institution are warned against it in the best way possible. The educator can be aware on how they can assist when cases of violence where a child is a direct or indirect victim are presented, such as involving lawful measures as well as talking with the parents and guardians of the children. Children whose parents cannot sufficiently offer basic needs can have their needs sought from other sources. Therefore, the educator represents the children in cases where the child might be unable to express themselves. Educators should work with the mentality that all children can learn. Learning involves various aspects of gaining knowledge, and not exclusive to study of books. It involves interpersonal and communication skills. Children are also expected to learn values that are generally acceptable in the society. Each child consequently needs to learn. In addition, each child has  the capability to learn. Although there can be variances in the capabilities, children are able to continually gain knowledge on the aspects noted. The educator should understand how much each child can contain. Moreover, it is relevant to know exactly what a child needs in order to learn. For instance, some children could require frequent reminders and assignments so that they can understand some concepts (Grotewell & Burton, 2008). As the different aspects of learning are concerned, there needs to be various assessments to test the success of each. Apart from the writing and reading skills, tests such as etiquette, posture and arts can be conducted regularly. Although the tests might not be recordable, an educator who clearly understands each of the students can clearly tell whether there is progress in the development of a child. The assessment practices should ensure that the children gain from the basics to the complex contents so that all children can learn (Bhavya, 2007). Technology currently plays a role in the education to young children. Educators are increasingly using technology due to the several benefits it has in enhancing gaining of knowledge among them. There are equipments that have been developed with an aim to create fun as children learn. For instance, counting machines are attractive to the children, and they can enjoy using it. The technologically developed equipments are also safe and easy to use. This means that the children can learn some things on their own after being guided by the educator. Some technology can be used in displaying information that could not be better displayed in any other means. Photos that are presented in screens can be relevant in showing children objects that can help them to learn. Technology also reduces costs in teaching children. For instance, a trip to view some objects in far places can be avoided by having the objects displayed. Therefore, technology is significant in teaching children (Morgan, 2011). The environment is crucial in the teaching and learning among children  between birth and grade three. It affects the emotional, intellectual, psychological and physical aspects of a child. The environment concerns several things, but most importantly the people who interact with the children. The environment should support learning, and it could contain learning inhibiting factors, or can contain motivating ones. If the environment does not support learning, the child cannot concentrate. Children are much likely to put more focus on issues that constantly happen to them. For instance, if they are being physically or emotionally abused, they cannot gain much in the learning process (Morgan, 2011). Children are much motivated by some aspects in the environment. One of them is the availability of ample playing space. Since the children gain a lot when playing, space and equipment provided by the environment can enhance their learning greatly. The environment can also be motivating by just being safe for the children. Therefore, the environment is crucial in the learning of children. References Bhavya, M. S. (2007). _Early childhood education_. Delhi [India: Kalpaz Publications. Deiner, P. L. (2013). _Inclusive early childhood education: Development, resources, practice_. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Grotewell, P. G., & Burton, Y. R. (2008). _Early childhood education: Issues and developments_. New York: Nova Science Publishers. Morgan, H. (2011). _Early childhood education: History, theory, and practice_. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield.

Capital punishment -Criminals Need the Death Penalty essays

Capital punishment -Criminals Need the Death Penalty essays Is the death penalty fair?. It is a very controversial subject discussed by the experts. Has any one of these individuals listened to the rest of us? The answer in many cases is no. Australia and Americas Governments represent the people, their wishes, beliefs and ideals. That means, through elections, we decide what policies are to be passed. In the case of capital punishment, various polls report that seventy percent of Americans are in favour of the death sentence. That is a clear majority. So called experts are free to appeal this is wrong and speak freely. But the fact of the matter is seven out of ten Americans have calculated the problem of capital punishment according to their own values and beliefs. Their conclusion was favourable to the death penalty. The question of it being fair was answered by the majority - and the majority rules. Many experts who speak against the death penalty refer to it as barbaric. The definition of murder, is "the unlawful killing of a human being with hatred ." This is true but that is what a killer has done. Everyone should know that if you kill or rape then the death penalty is the punishment for the crime. If the person willingly committed the terrible act of taking a life, he would know that he would be subject to this penalty. Therefore, he decided to gamble on not being caught, or thought that he was above the law. In either case he willingly gave up his life with the taking of another. Critics argue that an innocent person may be put to death, and most agree this may happen. However, we must protect the people of this country from killers, and we have tried all other options. The trial court imposes death only after a post-conviction hearing, during which circumstances of the crime are reviewed. The accused may also appeal the decision or request a stay of execution as he sees fit. Although the risk of an accidental death is there, the legal actions are i ...

Bmw International Marketing Essays

Bmw International Marketing Essays Bmw International Marketing Essay Bmw International Marketing Essay The BMW Group has been very successful in achieving international status. There are three brands within the entire BMW group: BMW, MINI, and Rolls-Royce Motor Cars. The entire group is committed to providing high quality with all of its products as well as its services. There have been many defining moments in the History of the BMW group. The group was founded in 1916, and was originally called Bayerische Flugzeug-Werke (BFW), standing for Bavarian Aircraft Works. In 1917 the company was renamed Bayerische Moteren Werke (BMW), standing for Bavarian Motor Works. The company constructed a plant in Munich and built engines for military aircraft there until 1918. BMW established plants over Germany that eventually underwent rapid expansion for the volume production of aircraft engines. In 1939, the BMW company took over Brandenburgische Motorenwerke, based in Berlin, Germany. After WWII, the Munich plant had many serious damages from the air raids. In 1945, the US military government issued orders that the plant in Munich had to be dismantled. This caused BMW to lose control over its assets for at least four years, in other locations, even longer. In 1948, the first volume-production motorcycle was sold in another country, and by 1950, motorcycles were already being exported. By 1967, The BMW Munich plat was no longer the largest plant in the world. Dingolfing took over the title after Munich reached its capacity. In 1972, a BMW importer in South Africa seemed to be having issues with potentially facing bankruptcy. The Board of Management then set up a factory in South Africa which became the first production plant outside Germany. BMW gradually took over sales from all of its key markets with importers, starting with France. This was set up to protect profits, as well as to help grow European integration. In 1977, Berlin had a new BMW factory built, and six years later they opened their doors for manufacturing car components as well as motorcycles. BMW decided to build a car plant in the USA in 1992 which therefore branded themselves as a global company. The production of the Z3 roadster was opened in 1994 in Spartanburg, South Carolina. This vehicle was exported all over the world from Spartanburg and eventually the location extended production facilities for the BMW X5. In 1994, BMW purchased the British-based Rover group which contains the brands Rover, Land Rover, MINI and MG. Later, in 1998, Rolls-Royce was acquired by BMW from Volkswagen. The BMW group did not have the rights to vehicle factory until 2003. From 2000 onwards, the Rover group ad lost almost half of their revenue and the costs of restructuring the company had been quite expensive. The BMW Group sold Rover and MG for ten pounds, and later sold Land Rover. The MINI brand is currently still retained by the BMW Group. The entire group has been focused in the international car market since the 2000s, and has their sights set firmly on the premium sector. The company’s objective is clearly defined as â€Å"The BMW Group is the leading provider or premium product s and premium services for individual mobility. †

Application of Discounted Cash Flow

As per the ratio analysis determined from the financial statements of TNO Limited, it can be said that the net profit ratio of the company declined in the current unaudited period compared to that of the previous year by around 9%. Similarly, return on assets of the company also declined by around 10%, which indicates that the capacity to generate revenue from the assets is not sufficient. Working capital ratio of the company reflected 1.91, which was higher in the previous audited financial year indicating that the value of assets has been declined in the current year to meet the current liabilities. According to the financial statements of the company, it can be said that the net income reflected declining trend in the current financial year. It has been observed that the revenue of the company also reflected 58% decline compared to that of the previous year 2009 indicating reduction in the overall expected rate of return. During the current financial year, it has been noticed that the solvency ratio of the company declined in the current year, which was 0.50 in the previous audited period that may lower the return on investment and increase the cost of capital structure (Knechel & Salterio, 2016). On the contrary, liquidity ratio of the company reflected increased value in the current financial year, which reflects the ability of the company to convert resources in cash within short- term period (Lu, Wu & Yu, 2017). Considering the non- current assets of the company, it can be said that the value of investments has been increased in the current year. Increase in value of investments has been measured through properties, which was valued by directors as per the basis of financial year 2010 (Kou, Peng & Wang, 2014). Accordingly, it can be said that the investment valuation of the company reflected risk of decline in market value that may affect the true and fair view of the assets value. In addition, the account of intangible asset valuation reflects significant risk of correct valuation, appropriate amortization charges and value as per the current and fair market rates (Uechi et al., 2015). While planning and performing analytical procedures, it is essential to measure the significant risk present in the financial statements to assess the materiality and relevance of the financial performance of the company. In the present case, the areas that have been considered for significant risks are investments and intangible assets other than overall income statement and balance sheet. The investment account has been identified for significant risk since it covers a significant area of company’s asset and overall financial position. It is essential for a company to measure the appropriate and correct value of investments in accordance with the fair market value (Delen, Kuzey & Uyar, 2013). In case of TNO Limited, investment of surplus funds and property market is principal business activities therefore it is essential to conduct appropriate audit test on the value of investments. It is important to conduct detailed valuation of the investment together with the current mar ket value as well as interest rates along with the verification of accounting records of investment. On the other hand, valuation of intangible assets has been considered since it involves a significant area in the company’s overall asset resources. Since, TNO limited has been involved in research and development of technologies, it is essential to consider appropriate value of intangible assets as per the current market structure. Delen, D., Kuzey, C., & Uyar, A. (2013). Measuring firm performance using financial ratios: A decision tree approach.  Expert Systems with Applications,  40(10), 3970-3983. Dudzi?ska-Bary?a, R., & Michalska, E. (2015). Visualisations of the risk investment valuation and the level of inventory control using the GeoGebra software.  Studia Ekonomiczne,  247, 7-19. Knechel, W. R., & Salterio, S. E. (2016).  Auditing: assurance and risk. Routledge. Kou, G., Peng, Y., & Wang, G. (2014). Evaluation of clustering algorithms for financial risk analysis using MCDM methods.  Information Sciences,  275, 1-12. Lu, L. Y., Wu, H., & Yu, Y. (2017). Investment-related Pressure and Audit Risk.  Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory. Mohammed, M. I., Omirin, M. M., Singhry, I. M., & Auwal, U. (2016). Application of discounted cash-flow (DCF) models in the valuation of investment properties in Nigeria.  International Journal of the Built Environment and Asset Management,  2(1), 25-36. Uechi, L., Akutsu, T., Stanley, H. E., Marcus, A. J., & Kenett, D. Y. (2015). Sector dominance ratio analysis of financial markets.  Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications,  421, 488-509.